咪唑类［PF6］-型离子液体萃取胺类化合物

以咪唑类[PF6]-型离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([Bmim][PF6])、1-己基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([Hmim][PF6])和1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([Omim][PF6])对苯胺、对氯苯胺等7种胺类化合物的萃取,考察了溶液初始浓度、相比、盐类、pH及离子液体咪唑基团上取代烷基对萃取平衡的影响,并研究了萃取过程的热效应.实验结果表明:溶液初始浓度对分配系数影响较小;相比10:1是离子液体对胺类化合物的溶解饱和临界点,当相比大于10:1时,分配系数降低;NaCl、K2SO4可以增大萃取分配系数,ZnSO4对分配系数几乎没有影响;pH增加,分配系数增大;离子液体对不同取代基的胺类萃取能力有较大的差异,咪唑基团上取代烷基的长度对不同胺类物质的分配系数影响较显著;萃取过程属于焓增大的吸热过程.     

真空膜蒸馏和膜吸收及其集成工艺处理高氨氮废水

采用PP中空纤维膜组件,对VMD(真空膜蒸馏)和MA(膜吸收)脱氨过程进行了研究。考察了料液p H值(9.0~11.0)、料液进口温度(20~50℃)对脱氨效率的影响。研究结果表明,VMD和MA脱除率分别达85%和99%以上。料液p H和料液进口温度对VMD脱氨效果的影响较大,提高料液p H和进口温度可以明显提高VMD的脱氨效率;料液p H对MA的脱氨效率影响较为显著。对2种膜工艺进行了技术集成,利用该集成工艺可达到99.96%以上的氨去除率,出水可达标排放,并且可以有效防止硫酸铵的二次污染。     

生物质材料预处理餐饮废水

采用4种廉价的生物质材料（水葫芦、柚子皮、木屑、核桃壳）用于餐饮废水的预处理。通过静态烧杯实验,研究了各生物质材料预处理废水的效果及最佳处理条件。结果表明,生物质材料对废水中COD的去除率均在45％以上,油脂吸附量为4～16mg／g,最优吸附材料为水葫芦,COD去除率达65％,油脂吸附量为16mg／g;水葫芦和柚子皮的最佳处理条件为：粒径〈0．2mm,投加量为20g／L,废水pH为4,处理时间为2h,温度为20℃;木屑和核桃壳的最佳实验条件为：粒径〈0．2mm,投加量为28g／L,pH为2,处理时间为2．5h,温度为20℃。生物质对餐饮废水的预处理,为废水中大量有机物和废弃油脂的去除提供了新思路和途径。     

Visual modflow在模拟实验室含水砂槽中柴油运移特征中的应用

Visual modflow是一个可以对三维地下水水流和溶质运移进行数值模拟评价的标准可视化专业软件.建立了砂箱物理实验模型来研究柴油在含水砂槽中的迁移特征.通过模型检验,各个监测时期观测值和预测值相关系数r值在0.564 ～0.669之间,证明这种建模方法是合理的和有效的.利用校正的模型对实验室含水砂槽中柴油运移特征进行模拟,发现所建模型可以较为准确地反映出含水砂槽中柴油污染物的分布特征,拟合、验证和预测结果显示该模型可作为地下水管理的有效工具,这为深入研究柴油污染地下水提供理论依据.     

异相Fenton试剂催化氧化-混凝沉淀深度处理焦化废水

针对焦化废水二级生化处理出水COD、色度和浊度无法达标的问题,实验研究了异相Fenton试剂催化氧化法和混凝沉淀法以及二者联合深度处理焦化废水的效果,分别探讨了H2O2、FeOOH投加量、初始pH,混凝剂投加量及种类对COD去除的影响,确定了最佳运行条件,采用GC-MS分析了联合工艺对废水中有机物的去除规律。异相Fenton试剂催化氧化静态实验研究表明,当H2O2(10%)投加量为2 mL/300 mL,FeOOH投加量为3 g/L,初始pH为4~6之间,处理效果最佳;混凝沉淀实验中最佳的混凝剂为聚丙烯酰胺阳离子,最佳投加量为8 mg/L。异相Fenton试剂催化氧化-混凝沉淀联合工艺深度处理焦化废水,出水COD基本在90 mg/L左右,浊度为0.8NTU左右,色度为40度以下,满足国家污水综合排放二级标准(GB8978-1996)。GC-MS分析显示,联合工艺能有效减少废水中有机物的种类和浓度,并将废水中长链大分子化合物和杂环化合物分解为短链的小分子化合物,构成联合工艺出水COD的主要是小分子有机物,尤其是卤代烷烃含量较高。     

Adsorptive removal of antibiotics from water using magnetic ion exchange resin

The occurrence of antibiotics in the environment has recently raised serious concern regarding their potential threat to aquatic ecosystem and human health. In this study, the magnetic ion exchange(MIEX) resin was applied for removing three commonly-used antibiotics, sulfamethoxazole(SMX), tetracycline(TCN) and amoxicillin(AMX) from water.The results of batch experiments show that the maximum adsorption capacities on the MIEX resin for SMX, TCN and AMX were 789.32, 443.18 and 155.15 μg/m L at 25°C,respectively, which were 2–7 times that for the powdered activated carbon. The adsorption kinetics of antibiotics on the MIEX resin could be simulated by the pseudo-second-order model(R~2= 0.99), and the adsorption isotherm data were well described by the Langmuir model(R~2= 0.97). Solution p H exhibited a remarkable impact on the adsorption process and the absorbed concentrations of the tested antibiotics were obtained around the neutral p H.The MIEX resin could be easily regenerated by 2 mol/L Na Cl solution and maintained high adsorption removal for the tested antibiotics after regeneration. Anion exchange mechanism mainly controlled the adsorption of antibiotic and the formation of hydrogen binding between the antibiotic and resin can also result in the increase of adsorption capacity. The high adsorption capacity, fast adsorption rate and prominent reusability make the MIEX resin a potential adsorbent in the application for removing antibiotics from water.     

电阻率成像法在董志塬固沟保塬水分场监测中的应用

近年来,电阻率成像法(Electrical Resistivity Tomography,ERT)在土壤水分场监测方面受到广泛关注。为解决ERT测量结果难以直接表达土壤含水量的问题,以董志塬固沟保塬工程相关的五个试验点为研究对象,对每个试验点进行了ERT测量和土壤水分实时点位观测,建立了ERT测量的土壤电阻率与电容式水分传感器测量的土壤体积含水量之间的单变量函数模型。结果表明:幂函数模型能够较好地描述土壤电阻率与体积含水量之间的相关关系。此外,研究发现土壤含水量的实测值与估算值之间表现出极显著的线性相关关系,指示估算的土壤含水量有较高的准确性;同时发现当土壤含水量低于22%时,估算的含水量大于实测含水量;高于22%时,估算的含水量小于实测含水量。利用ERT测量的土壤电阻率,进行幂函数转换后形成二维土壤含水量信息,在董志塬固沟保塬二维土壤水分场监测中具有适用性。     

Short-term prediction of the influent quantity time series of wastewater treatment plant based on a chaos neural network model

By predicting influent quantity, a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) can be well controlled. The nonlinear dynamic characteristic of WWTP influent quantity time series was analyzed, with the assumption that the series was predictable. Based on this, a short-term forecasting chaos neural network model of WWTP influent quantity was built by phase space reconstruction. Reasonable forecasting results were achieved using this method. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2006, 26(3): 416–419 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

Effect of wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) on fine particle (PM2.5) emission from coal-fired boilers

In this study, the characteristics of fine particles before and after wet flue gas desulfurization(WFGD) in three coal-fired heating boilers in northern China were investigated by using a dilution-based emission sampling experimental system. The influences of the WFGD process on the mass and number concentrations as well as the chemical composition of fine particles were analyzed. The removal efficiency of desulfurization processes on particulate matter mass was 30.06%–56.25% for the three study units. The WFGD had a great influence on the size distributions of particle mass concentration and number concentration. A significant increase in the number and mass concentration of particles in the size range of 0.094–0.946 μm was observed. The watersoluble ion content accounted for a very large proportion of PM_(2.5) mass, and its proportion in PM_(2.5) increased from 28.39%–41.08% to 48.96%–61.21% after the WFGD process for the three units. The desulfurizing process also drastically increased the proportion of cation component(Ca~(2+) for unit A, Mg~(2+) for unit B, and Na+for unit C) and the proportion of SO_4~(2-) in PM_(2.5), and it increased the CE/AE values of PM_(2.5) from 0.82–0.98 to 0.93–1.27 for the three study units.     

城市小集水区降雨径流污染来源解析

利用深圳市王家庄集水区的降雨径流水质监测数据,运用正定矩阵因子分解法（PMF）定量解析了单个城市小集水区降雨径流污染的主要来源。结果表明：研究区降雨径流的主要污染源为城市污水、管内沉积物和地表径流。其中城市污水以输出氨氮（NH3-N）和总氮（TN）为主,管内沉积物是化学需氧量（CODCr）、总磷（TP）和生化需氧量（BOD5）的主要来源,地表径流为固体悬浮物（SS）的主要来源。PMF模型可作为土地利用方式均一的单个城市小集水区降雨径流污染源解析的有效方法之一,主要污染源的廓线能否保持相对稳定是该模型在降雨径流污染源解析时的主要约束条件。