生物柴油萃取高浓度吡啶废水

农药、医药等行业的生产过程中产生含有高浓度吡啶的废水,采用溶剂萃取法萃取废水中的吡啶既可改善废水的可生化性,又可实现吡啶的循环利用.实验以生物柴油为萃取剂,讨论了体系的pH值、温度、相比及时间等条件对萃取分配系数(D)及吡啶去除率的影响.结果表明,较为适宜吡啶萃取的条件是:萃取时间为30 min,pH值为6,温度为30℃,相比为1:1.在上述萃取条件下,生物柴油与吡啶水溶液进行六级错流萃取后,水中吡啶浓度从15%降至0.84%,吡啶去除率达到94.40%.     

生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对水体中石油烃降解的促进作用

从被含油废水污染的土壤中筛选得到4株能利用柴油为唯一碳源生长的杆菌(X1,X2,X3和X4),经鉴定,这4株菌分别属于沙雷铁氏菌属(Serratiasp.)、不动菌属(Acinetobactersp.)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillussp.)和氮单胞菌属(Azomonassp.).其中,菌株X4于32℃摇床培养28d后对柴油的降解率达62%,而在相同条件下,添加生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂后柴油的降解率提高了26%.平板菌落计数结果表明,鼠李糖脂能促进菌的生长,生物量明显增多.对菌株降解反应的动力学研究进一步验证了鼠李糖脂对菌株X4降解石油烃的促进作用,添加了鼠李糖脂的样品组比对照组的半衰期缩短了近1倍.通过设计正交实验,本文研究了培养温度、培养时间、鼠李糖脂的添加量及石油烃的浓度等主要环境因子对水体中石油烃降解的影响.实验结果表明,影响水体中石油烃降解的主导因子是培养时间,其次是培养温度、石油烃的浓度和鼠李糖脂的添加量.图4表2参17     

Heavy metal accumulation and phytostabilization potential of dominant plant species growing on manganese mine tailings

Screening plants that are hypertolerant to and excluders of certain heavy metals plays a fundamental role in a remediation strategy for metalliferous mine tailings. A field survey of terrestrial higher plants growing on Mn mine tailings at Huayuan, Hunan Province, China was conducted to identify candidate species for application in phytostabilization of the tailings in this region. In total, 51 species belonging to 21 families were recorded and the 12 dominant plants were investigated for their potential in phytostabilization of heavy metals. Eight plant species, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Artemisia princeps, Bidens frondosa, Bidens pilosa, Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria sanguinalis, Erigeron canadensis, and Setaria plicata accumulated much lower concentrations of heavy metals in shoots and roots than the associated soils and bioconcen- tration factors （BFs） for Cd, Mn, Pb and Zn were all 〈 1, demonstrating a high tolerance to heavy metals and poor metals translocation ability. The field investigation also found that these species grew fast, accumulated biomass rapidly and developed a vegetation cover in a relatively short time. Therefore, they are good candidates for phytostabilization purposes and could be used as pioneer species in phytoremediation of Mn mine tailings in this region of South China.     

广州中心城区公园绿地空间格局及可达性分析

公园绿地是城市中一类典型的开敞空间,对维护城市生态与人居环境健康具有重要意义,其空间布局的合理性与可达性直接影响其对城市居民的服务水平。以广州中心城区为例,借助GIS技术和景观格局指数,分析城市公园绿地景观格局、可达性和服务状况,并探讨城市公园绿地空间格局对其可达性影响。结果表明：①市级公园其面积占公园绿地总面积的84.71%,城市公园绿地聚集度为92.44,广州中心城区公园绿地景观类型和空间格局不尽合理;②网络分析表明研究区仅有22.35%的面积和44.67%的人口能够较便捷地到达邻近公园绿地,广州中心城区公园绿地的可达性和服务效果不理想;③城市公园绿地数量与空间格局是影响其可达性与服务水平的重要因子。     

Catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol with functionalized carbon materials as catalysts：Reaction mechanism and pathway

The development of highly active carbon material catalysts in catalytic wet air oxidation（CWAO）has attracted a great deal of attention. In this study different carbon material catalysts（multi-walled carbon nanotubes,carbon fibers and graphite） were developed to enhance the CWAO of phenol in aqueous solution. The functionalized carbon materials exhibited excellent catalytic activity in the CWAO of phenol. After 60 min reaction,the removal of phenol was nearly100% over the functionalized multi-walled carbon,while it was only 14% over the purified multi-walled carbon under the same reaction conditions. Carboxylic acid groups introduced on the surface of the functionalized carbon materials play an important role in the catalytic activity in CWAO. They can promote the production of free radicals,which act as strong oxidants in CWAO. Based on the analysis of the intermediates produced in the CWAO reactions,a new reaction pathway for the CWAO of phenol was proposed in this study. There are some differences between the proposed reaction pathway and that reported in the literature. First,maleic acid is transformed directly into malonic acid. Second,acetic acid is oxidized into an unknown intermediate,which is then oxidized into CO2 and H2O. Finally,formic acid and oxalic acid can mutually interconvert when conditions are favorable.     

多管集气式新型烟囱的结构及烟气流动模式的研究

本文论述了十管集气高烟囱的新型结构及相应的烟气流动规律，从烟囱造价、施工构造和使用效果等方面进行优化组合，以达到多管烟囱和集合式烟囱二种优点于一体的目的。     

河间地区地裂缝分形特征研究

基于分形理论研究了河间地区地裂缝的分布分形、受控分形以及影响分形特征,利用MAT-LAB软件分别计算了地裂缝、活动断裂、地下水、地面沉降等相关物理量的分维值。地裂缝的发育具有自组织性,其分维值的大小及变化反映了地裂缝活动的复杂性。地裂缝平面、剖面分形特征反映了该区域孕裂应力场在平面和纵深方向上的非均一性。地裂缝的形成和发育可以看作是断裂运动的一种调整,影响地裂缝断裂的分维值具有一定的区间。地下水开采、地面沉降作用与地裂缝活动存在很大的关联。     

城市污水量短时预测的混沌神经网络模型

通过分析进水水量时间序列的非线性动力学性质,认为该时间序列具有混沌特性.在此基础上,通过相空间重构的方法建立了用于城市污水水量短时预测的混沌神经网络模型;并利用此模型对污水厂的进水水量进行短时预测,取得了较为满意的预测效果.     

催化湿式氧化法处理废水的研究进展

介绍了催化湿式氧化（CWAO）法废水处理技术在催化剂开发、反应机理探讨和反应动力学研究等方面取得的进展;提出研制高效稳定的催化剂、探讨反应机理和研究反应动力学模型对于CWAO法的推广起着非常重要的作用。     

厌氧消化技术在城市垃圾处理应用中的制约因素

针对厌氧消化过程中有关城市垃圾的分选、厌氧发酵工艺、二次污染以及肥料的商品化等问题做了具体的分析。结果表明，在城市垃圾的管理体制和厌氧消化技术等方面都存在很多问题。作为有机资源的再利用方式，城市垃圾的大氧消化技术在我国将有着广阔的应用前景。