密云县密云水库流域坡耕地养分流失特征

于2005年和2006年连续2 a对密云水库流域坡耕地进行水土流失小区试验,并完全按照当地农民习惯进行农事管理.试验结果表明:(1)降雨后坡耕地产生的地表径流量、泥沙量随坡度增大而增加,并与坡度正弦值呈一定的线性关系;(2)坡度对雨后地表径流和泥沙中养分含量影响不明显,但对泥沙养分流失量有明显影响;(3)养分流失以泥沙携带为主要途径,且通过泥沙携带途径流失的养分量占流失养分总量的比例随坡度增加而增加;(4)水库周边区域内坡耕地流失养分的主要来源为施用于坡耕地的化学肥料.(5)调整水库流域内坡耕地的种植结构、对坡耕地实施改造以截留或减少泥沙流失和控制化学肥料投入等措施对于治理流域内农业非点源污染、保护水源地水质显得尤为迫切.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ether in the East Asian environment: a critical review

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been extensively used as flame retardants in consumer goods. Sufficient evidence shows that PBDEs have been rapidly accumulating in the environment worldwide. In Asia, deca-bromodiphenyl ether has been produced and used in large quantities, while penta-BDE has largely ceased in the mid-1990s. This paper summarizes and critically reviews the status of PBDE pollution in East Asia, with emphases on the comparisons with Europe and North America and the interpretation of the differences. In general, the concentrations of PBDEs in atmosphere, sludge, human and biological samples of East Asia are comparable to or lower than those in Europe and North America. However, in the sediments of waters near densely populated and heavily industrialized areas, PBDE levels are among the highest ever reported in the literature. In Japan and China, concentrations of PBDEs in sediment cores showed an increasing trend for the past 20-30 years. Also, PBDEs levels in human breast milk in Japan increased about 10-fold in the past 20 years. The presence of PBDEs in fur seal has increased about 150-fold in 1994 than that in 1972. Regional and inter-continental transport cannot be confirmed due to insufficient information. However, the detection of a number of PBDE congeners in a pristine lake on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau may be an evidence of their long-range transport.     

长江上游向家坝库区鸟类多样性研究及生境价值评估

2011年利用样线法对长江上游向家坝库区夏、秋季鸟类进行了实地考察,共记录110种鸟类,隶属15目39科。通过5个调查点、2个对照点不同生境鸟类的多样性研究发现：（1）夏、秋季库区不同生境鸟类的Shannon Wiener 指数较低,几乎均未超过1.5,鸟类物种多样性相对贫乏;（2）库区各生境鸟类Pielou指数均超过了0.75,说明库区环境虽以人工植被为主,但并不单调;（3）阶地疏林灌丛、竹林与常绿落叶阔叶混交林的鸟类相似性差异最小〖JP2〗,而二者与芦苇、荩草丛滩地的差异最大,库区鸟类在不同生境中的分布存在着显著不同。在上述研究的基础上,从物种多样性和河流景观保护的角度,对库区鸟类的不同生境类型进行多要素综合分析,结果显示: 山地森林生境的物种多样性相对丰富,生态价值最高,而河滩和阶地疏林灌丛、竹林生境具备一定的景观特色,也有相当的生态价值     

E-waste recycling induced polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans pollution in the ambient environment

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been determined in 30 samples, including soil, biota and plant collected from an electronic waste recycling site and its vicinage towns. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans (PCDD/Fs) were also simultaneously analyzed in 20 samples. PBDEs were detected in all soil samples and the highest was up to 789 ng/g dry weight (dw). The toxic equivalency (TEQ) of PCBs and PCDD/Fs detected in E-waste recycling site is significant higher than those in the vicinage samples. Biota and plant were also contaminated with high level of PBDEs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs in this area. High levels of the three kinds of organic compounds in the environmental samples showed that the E-waste recycling have induced serious environmental problems.     

Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides (HCH and DDT) in sediments collected from East China Sea

Sediments used in this study were collected from different depths of eight sites in East China Sea in November 2002. The levels and distribution patterns of the selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs=p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-HCH) in samples were investigated by the technique of sonication extraction followed by the analysis of gas chromatography (GC) coupled with a micro-electron capture detector (muECD). The concentrations of SigmaHCH and SigmaDDT in the surface sediments were in the range of <0.05-1.45 ng/g (mean 0.76 ng/g), <0.06-6.04 ng/g (mean 3.05 ng/g) based on dry weight (dw), respectively. In the vertical distributions, the SigmaHCH and SigmaDDT were in the range of <0.05-2.52 ng/g, <0.06-10.94 ng/g dw, respectively. Residues of OCPs varied significantly with different sampling sites. SigmaDDT in the surface sediments was correlated well with total organic carbon (TOC) content (r2=0.71), while SigmaHCH showed no obvious correlation. The distribution showed that the sediments from the vicinity estuary or near shore had higher TOC contents, and higher OCPs concentrations. The contamination record indicated an extensive use of OCPs in the catchments from Yangtze River in the past might greatly affect the OCP residues.     

榆林地区植被时空分异特征及其影响因素研究

植被作为反映陆地生态系统和气候的重要指标,对研究全球或区域生态环境变化具有重要作用。以地处黄土高原生态脆弱区的榆林市为研究区,基于地理探测器模型,选取坡向、坡度、气温、降水和土壤类型5类自然因子,土地利用类型、人口密度和GDP 3类人文因子,分析榆林地区植被空间分异特征及其驱动力,并揭示了促进植被生长影响因子的最适宜特征。结果表明,（1）研究区2000—2018年植被覆盖趋向改善,NDVI呈现增加趋势,增速为0.11/10a,2008年以后植被增长较为明显;NDVI在2018年中高等级（0.6—0.8）面积比2000年中高等级面积明显增加;中高等级集中于榆林市东部黄土丘陵区,中低等级（0.2—0.4）集中于榆林市西北部的风沙区,植被覆盖呈现东部高西北低的空间分布特征。（2）人口密度和气温因子较好地解释植被NDVI空间分异性,是影响NDVI空间分异性的主要因子,GDP、土地利用类型和坡度是次级影响因子,其他因子对NDVI空间分异存在间接影响;坡向、降水和土壤类型因子与其他自然、人文因素对植被空间分布影响存在显著性差异。（3）自然、人文因子对榆林市NDVI的影响存在交互作用,因子之间的交互...     

生物法废气脱硝研究

将城市生活污水处理厂活性污泥中的反硝化细菌培养挂膜到填料塔中,进行从模拟废气中脱除ＮＯｘ的效果性能实验研究,该生物膜填料塔能有效地脱除废气中的ＮＯｘ,ＮＯ２的去除率可达９９％以上,ＮＯ的去除率可达９０％左右。该法最适宜的温度为３０￣４５℃,进口ＮＯ浓度（５０￣５００ｍｇ／ｍ＾３）对其去除率几乎没有影响,随着废气流量的增加,ＮＯ的去除率逐步降低。     

关于国家环境保护“十三五”规划的战略思考

在对我国当前环境形势以及未来重大环境保护问题识别的基础上,结合国家生态文明建设新要求,提出了"十三五"环境保护规划体系以及规划目标的设想,并从国民经济绿色化、国土空间功能化、保护环境法治化、环境供给市场化、决策监管科学化、治理主体多元化、环境信息公开化等7个方面给出了基本策略建议,可为制定国家"十三五"环境保护规划提供参考。     

江苏省环境监测现代化建设的设想

从环境监测现代化建设的目标、原则、内容、资源配置及保证措施等方面,阐述了江苏省环境监测现代化建设的具体设想.提出用3年～5年的时间,实现该省环境监测实时监控系统的自动化、实验室分析技术的现代化、环境监测信息技术的网络化及环境监测体制的多元化和管理机制的市场化,建成能适应市场经济体制,满足科学管理需要,具备国际先进技术和国际间互认能力的环境监测网络体系.     

Quantification of the Exposure–Lag–Response Association Between Air Pollution and Respiratory Disease Morbidity in Chongqing City,China

Environmental Modeling & Assessment - The health effects of air pollution on respiratory disease morbidity and mortality commonly vary with air pollutants’ intensity and latency after...