Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from urban to rural soils: a case study in Dalian, China

To estimate the distribution and sources of soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in metropolitan and adjacent areas, soil samples were collected from urban, suburban and rural locations of Dalian, China, and concentrations of 14 PAHs were determined. The spatial PAH profiles were site-specific and determined by the sources close to the sampling sites. PAH concentrations decreased significantly along the urban-suburban-rural transect. The gradient implied that the fractionation effect influenced PAH distribution. Bivariate plots of selected diagnostic ratios showed general trends of co-variation and allowed to distinguish samples taken from different areas. An improved method, factor analysis (FA) with nonnegative constrains, was used to determine the primary sources and contributions of PAHs in soils. The FA model showed traffic average (74%) and coal related residential emission (26%) were two primary sources to Dalian soils. In addition, the FA model provided reasonable explanations for PAH contributions in soils from different sites. The results suggest that FA with nonnegative constraints is a promising tool for source apportionment of PAHs in soils.     

DNA damage and repair process in earthworm after in-vivo and in vitro exposure to soils irrigated by wastewaters

In this study, DNA damage to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) after in vivo exposure to contaminated soils was measured by detecting DNA strand breakages (DSBs) and causality was analyzed through fractionation based bioassays. A non-linear dose-response relationship existed between DNA damage and total soil PAHs levels. DNA damage, measured with the comet assay, and its repair process, were observed. To identify the chemical causality, an in vitro comet assay using coelomocytes was subsequently performed on the fractionated organic extracts from soils. The results showed that the PAHs in the soils were responsible for the exerting genotoxic effects on earthworms. When normalized to benzo(a)pyrene toxic equivalent (TEQ(BaP)), the saturation dose in the dose-response curve was about 10ng TEQ(BaP) g(-1) soil (dw).     

纳米SiO2在含阴离子表面活性剂低浊水处理中的应用

在含有阴离子表面活性剂-十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的6 NTU高岭土悬浊液中,改变SDS的浓度,投加纳米SiO2与聚合铝PAC进行动态混凝实验与静沉实验,借助图像分析技术与分形理论,探讨了纳米SiO2与PAC处理含SDS低浊水的作用机理、絮凝效果与形态学特征.结果表明:①纳米SiO2与SDS使高岭土粒子表面负电性增强.纳米SiO2的絮凝机理以吸附架桥为主.②纳米SiO2对SDS的去除效果优于PAC.SDS浓度越高,去除效果越显著.但纳米SiO2对无机高岭土粒子的处理能力不如PAC,PAC絮凝后的上清液浊度低.当SDS浓度增至10 mg/L时,纳米SiO2对SDS的去除率高,而PAC对SDS的絮凝能力弱,PAC对无机颗粒的去除效果也下降.③助凝剂纳米SiO2较强的吸附活性能加快PAC絮体成长为结构密实的RLCA构型,分维值高,絮凝效果好.     

植被混凝土抗侵蚀性能研究

基材的抗侵蚀性能是生态护坡成功的关键因素之一。通过设计的实验装置对3组不同边坡进行了侵蚀实验,探讨了植被混凝土的抗侵蚀机理,比较了3种边坡的抗侵蚀性能。实验表明:植被混凝土生态防护边坡具有良好的抗侵蚀性能,在同等条件下无植被防护土质边坡的坡面侵蚀速率比有植被防护土质边坡的坡面侵蚀速率高出两个数量级。     

钼矿尾矿区蔬菜地土壤中重金属含量分析与生态风险预警评估

研究钼矿尾矿区周边菜地土壤的重金属污染现状及生态风险.选取20个钼矿尾矿区周边受污染菜地的土壤样本,用HNO3-HF-HClO4处理后,采用等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定土壤样品中Mo、Pb、As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、Ni的全量并分析其存在形态,进行生态风险预警评估.结果表明,土壤中重金属含量的分布为残余态>有机结合态>氧化结合态>酸可提取态(Pb、Zn氧化结合态>有机结合态,Hg有机结合态=酸可提取态>氧化结合态);菜地土壤的生态风险指数,IEH=80.62,其预警类型为重警;主要重金属污染为Cd、Hg、Cr污染并伴有Zn、Ni、Cu污染;Hg的酸可提取态所占比例较大,可能影响农作物的正常生长;重金属污染可能来自尾矿石中重金属的释放,并与污灌及化学农药的使用有一定关系.研究为清除或减轻土壤重金属污染、修复和改良已污染土壤提供参考依据.     

Ce-Mn双金属氧化物深度催化氧化废气中的氯甲苯

采用Ce-Mn双金属氧化物深度催化氧化废气中的氯甲苯。实验结果表明:当n(Ce):n(Mn)为1:5时,CeO_2与MnO_x之间的协同效应最大,对氯甲苯的去除效果最好;在以纯氧为氧化剂、反应温度为360℃、氯甲苯体积分数为0.5%～1.5%、体积空速为12 000～30 000 h~(-1)的条件下,氯甲苯去除率可达100%。     

MnO2对海底沉积物ANAMMOX菌的富集培养影响

采用上流式固定床反应器,在常温下连续运行,考察MnO2对海洋性ANAMMOX菌富集培养的影响,其中接种的海洋海底沉积物采自大连市附近海域。结果表明,在反应器运行近150d中,加入MnO2的R1反应器的最大总氮去除速率为137．82gN／（m3·d）,比没有加人MnO2的R2反应器高出近20gN／（m3·d）。在低温环境（10～15℃）运行时,R1反应器的氨氮和亚硝氮去除率比R2反应器均高出10％,且Rl反应器对温度变化的适应性和运行稳定性都好于R2反应器。这表明MnO2的加入确实在一定程度上促进了海洋性ANAMMOX细菌的富集,并增强了ANAMMOX反应器对温度变化的适应性,使其能够在较宽的温度范围下运行。     

Composition, sources, and potential toxicological significance of PAHs in the surface sediments of the Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China

Twenty-five surface sediment samples were collected from Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China, in 2003. The concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), identified as priority pollutants by the USEPA, were determined by gas chromatography equipped with a mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS). Total concentrations of the PAHs ranged from 1207 to 4754 ng/g dry weight. Sediment samples with the highest PAH concentrations were from the northern site of the bay, which is in proximity to the incoming PAH source; the PAH levels in the southern part were relatively low. The observed PAH levels were higher than those in river sediments in China but were lower than those found in sediments of urban areas and harbors. According to the observed molecular indices, PAHs originated largely from the high-temperature pyrolytic process, whereas the petrogenic process was more commonly responsible for PAH contamination in harbors. A good correlation existed between the benzo[a]pyrene level and the total PAH concentration (r=0.97), making benzo[a]pyrene a potential molecular marker for PAH pollution. According to the numerical effect-based sediment quality guideline (SQGs) of the United States, the levels of PAHs at most studied sites in Meiliang Bay, except some sites in the northern part of the bay, should not exert adverse biological effects. In the northern part of the bay, the PAH levels at sites 21 and 22 exceed the effects range low (ERL) and could thus cause acute biological impairments, in comparison with the sediment quality guidelines. The total PAH levels were expressed as the B[a]P toxicity equivalents (TEQs(carc)) and compared to the contaminated sediments from Guba Pechenga, Barents Sea, Russia.     

原煤力学及渗流特性的层理效应研究

为研究层理对原煤力学及渗流特性的影响,通过实验对比分析平行层理煤样和垂直层理煤样在相同瓦斯压力、不同围压下的三轴压裂力学及渗流特性,同时采集压裂过程的声发射数据并进行分析.结果表明:随着围压增大,平行层理煤样的峰值轴向应力平均增幅为34.5％,远小于垂直层理煤样的平均增幅161.21％;围压为1,3,5 MPa时,垂直...     

土壤中挥发酚的测定及质量控制

采用分光光度法测定土壤中的挥发酚，详细介绍了样品预处理方法，分析过程中的质量控制及土壤中有机物、矿物油对测定干扰的消除方法。分析结果表明：平行双样的相对偏差都低于其最大允许值，加标回收率在78.6％～81．7％范围内，测定结果具有较好的精密度和准确度。