Chemical and optical properties of aerosols and their interrelationship in winter in the megacity Shanghai of China

A field campaign on air quality was carried out in Shanghai in winter of 2012. The concentrations of NO, NO₂, NO_x, SO₂, CO, and PM_2.5 increased during haze formation. The average masses of SO₄^2-, NO₃^- and NH₄⁺ were 10.3, 11.7 and 6.7 μg/m³ during the haze episodes, which exceeded the average (9.2, 7.9, and 3.4 μg/m³) of these components in the non-haze days. The mean values for the aerosol scattering coefficient (b_sp), aerosol absorption coefficient (b_ap) and single scattering albedo (SSA) were 288.7, 27.7 and 0.91 Mm^-1, respectively. A bi-peak distribution was observed for the mass concentrations of CO, NO, NO₂, and NO_x. More sulfate was produced during daytime than that in the evening due to photochemical reactions. The mass concentration of NH₄⁺ achieved a small peak at noontime. NO₃^- showed lower concentrations in the afternoon and higher concentrations in the early morning. There were obvious bi-peak diurnal patterns for bsp and bap as well as SSA. bsp and bap showed a positive correlation with PM_2.5 mass concentration. (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃, organic mass, elemental carbon and coarse mass accounted for 21.7%, 19.3%, 31.0%, 9.3% and 12.3% of the total extinction coefficient during non-haze days, and 25.6%, 24.3%, 30.1%, 8.1% and 8.2% during hazy days. Organic matter was the largest contributor to light extinction. The contribution proportions of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate to light extinction were significantly higher during the hazy time than during the non-haze days.     

Policy options to promote Chinese new energy vehicles consumption

Inspired by the green revolution,new energy vehicles(NEVs)provide a fresh,alternative mode of transportation for Chinese consumers mat reduce their reliance on traditional,gasoline/diesel-based cars.However,despite strong government support for NEVs in China,the level of uptake by consumers remains slow.Using Shanghai as a case study,this article provides a much-needed insight into local consumers’motivations to invest in NEVs through a survey of 100 Shanghai residents.Results indicate that current NEV promotion policies do not have a significant impact on the cognitive trade-off of NEV consumption under the"Integrated Consumer Behavior Model,"mainly due to inconvenient charging facilities,technical concerns regarding battery,higher prices,and wait-and-see attitudes regarding the pilot policy environment.Drawing on experiences from Sweden and New Zealand,this research serves to enhance knowledge on consumer attitudes towards NEVs and assist policy makers in developing more effective green consumption promotion campaigns in the future.     

二噁英类的主要形成过程及分析方法

二噁英高度的持久性、强烈的亲合性使其几乎无处不在,并在生物组织中极易积累,从而成为人们所熟悉的环境中毒性最大的有机化合物之一.本文简单地介绍了二噁英类的毒性、主要形成过程及分析方法.     

关于环境行政执法公示制

各地环境保护部门正根据政府法制部门的要求实施环境行政执法公示制。对环境行政执法公示制的概念、程序等相关问题以及组织实施环境行政执法公示制进行了探讨。     

辽东半岛东岸泥质区有机物分布特征及其环境指示意义

为研究人类活动及鸭绿江陆源输入对河口海岸及陆架泥质区沉积环境的影响,本文通过对2017年于辽东半岛泥质区东部采集的Q02柱与西部Q04柱进行210Pb定年、粒度、总有机碳、总有机氮、δ13C同位素等指标综合分析,利用Meyers研究模型结合C/N值及δ13C同位素含量分析不同物源有机质贡献率。结果表明:（1）两根柱样TOC与TN含量近百年来逐渐升高,C/N值在9~11之间为海陆混合来源。沉积物主要以粉砂及粘土为主,粉砂含量最高,粘土次之,砂含量较少。（2）有机碳来源占比均呈陆源降低海源升高的特点,分别反映了泥质区东部与西部不同主导因素对海域环境的影响。东部沉积环境主要受流域环境变化与海域共同作用,垦荒、自然灾害、日俄战争等事件造成了植被覆盖降低,水库建设减少了陆源有机碳输入;西部沉积环境主要受沿岸人类活动、水体富营养化的影响,"弛禁"政策导致植被覆盖被破坏,港口修建、水产养殖等活动造成水体营养物质增多,引起海洋环境恶化。     

Weak magnetic field accelerates chromate removal by zero-valent iron

Weak magnetic field(WMF) was employed to improve the removal of Cr(VI) by zero-valent iron(ZVI) for the first time. The removal rate of Cr(VI) was elevated by a factor of 1.12–5.89 due to the application of a WMF, and the WMF-induced improvement was more remarkable at higher Cr(VI) concentration and higher p H. Fe2+was not detected until Cr(VI) was exhausted, and there was a positive correlation between the WMF-induced promotion factor of Cr(VI) removal rate and that of Fe2+release rate in the absence of Cr(VI) at pH 4.0–5.5. These phenomena imply that ZVI corrosion with Fe2+release was the limiting step in the process of Cr(VI) removal. The superimposed WMF had negligible influence on the apparent activation energy of Cr(VI) removal by ZVI, indicating that WMF accelerated Cr(VI)removal by ZVI but did not change the mechanism. The passive layer formed with WMF was much more porous than without WMF, thereby facilitating mass transport. Therefore,WMF could accelerate ZVI corrosion and alleviate the detrimental effects of the passive layer, resulting in more rapid removal of Cr(VI) by ZVI. Exploiting the magnetic memory of ZVI, a two-stage process consisting of a small reactor with WMF for ZVI magnetization and a large reactor for removing contaminants by magnetized ZVI can be employed as a new method of ZVI-mediated remediation.     

Parameter Uncertainty Reduction for SWAT Using Grace,Streamflow, and Groundwater Table Data for Lower Missouri River Basin1

Abstract: This study incorporates the newly available Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) water storage data and water table data from well logs to reduce parameter uncertainty in Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) calibration using a SUFI2 (sequential uncertainty fitting) framework for the Lower Missouri River Basin. Model evaluations are performed in multiple stages using a multiobjective function consisting of multisite streamflow and GRACE water storage data as well as a groundwater component. Results show that (1) a model calibrated with both streamflow and GRACE data simultaneously can maintain the water balance for the whole basin, but may improperly partition surface flow and base flow. Additional inclusion of the groundwater constraint can significantly improve the model performance in groundwater hydrological processes. In our case, the estimation of specific yield of shallow aquifers has been increased to 10^?2 from previous much underestimated level (<10^?3). (2) The daily streamflow data are needed to confine the parameters related to water flow in channels such as the Manning’s coefficient, which are less sensitive to the monthly simulations. (3) Parameters are nonuniformly sensitive for different goal variables, and thus, proper specification of a prior distribution of parameters may be the key factor for global optimization algorithms to obtain stable and realistic model performance.     

南岭箭竹生物源挥发性有机物排放特征

本研究于2018年9～11月采用动态顶空套袋法采样与热脱附-气相色谱质谱联用(TD-GC-MS)分析技术,获得了南岭箭竹排放的20种生物源挥发性有机物(BVOCs)的排放组成特征与排放速率.结果表明,异戊二烯是南岭箭竹排放的最主要的BVOCs,其排放速率((1.36±0.99)x104μgC/(m2·h))远高于单萜烯...     

液态CO_2相变致裂增透技术在低透性突出煤层的应用研究

针对白皎煤矿B4煤层瓦斯含量高、透气性差、抽采难度大的问题,在237底板道瓦斯抽采巷采用液态CO_2相变致裂增透技术对B4煤层进行增透试验,结果表明该技术比水力割缝和普通抽采提高了煤层透气性,瓦斯抽采纯量是水力割缝钻孔的1.15倍、是普通抽采钻孔的2.08倍,液态CO_2相变致裂增透钻孔汇总浓度保持在30%以上且无衰减,具有良好的效果,该技术可供类似煤矿参考。     

环境行政处罚的停止执行与放弃执行权

《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》、《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》、《中华人民共和国行政复议条例》都规定了何种情况下行政处罚停止执行的条款。针对环境行政处罚中存在的放弃执行权，分析种种表现，指出放弃执行权是一种违法行为，必须予以制止，并就停止执行与放弃执行权的区分和行政处罚的全面执行、介入执行、协助执行发表见解。