北京东南郊污灌区土壤有机氯农药的垂向分布特征

采用GC-ECD分析了北京东南郊污灌区土壤剖面中有机氯农药(OCPs)的垂向分布特征及其地下水样.结果表明,表土是OCPs的主要累积层位,OCPs总量残留量的最大值为30.93μg·kg-1,其中的主要污染物为DDTs和HCHs.但与国内外其他地区检出浓度相比,DDTs属于轻度污染,HCHs属于中度污染.表层以下,OCPs含量整体随采样深度加深而明显下降,土壤剖面中的主要污染物为4,4′-DDE、七氯和艾氏剂,但是检出浓度均不高.多元回归分析表明,土壤的TOC含量和含水量是影响OCPs垂向分布的主要因素.地下水样中除DDTs无检出外,其余检出物与土壤剖面中一致,说明在长期污灌条件下,可能会导致浅层地下水的污染.     

Biased sex ratio and low population density increase male mating success in the bug Nysius huttoni (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae)

Demographic factors such as operational sex ratio (OSR) and local population density (LPD) are temporally and spatially dynamic in the natural environment but the influence of these variables on male mating success and the mechanisms behind it are still poorly understood and highly controversial. Here, we manipulated the OSR and LPD of a seed bug, Nysius huttoni, and carried out a series of mating trials to test how these variables affected male mating success. The two demographic factors had no significant interactions, suggesting that they affect male mating success independently in N. huttoni. In this species male mating success was significantly higher in both male- and female-biased OSR than in even OSR. It is suggested that, in male-biased OSR, the increased intensity of competition and interference does not result in lower male mating success; rather, males may make more effort in courting and females may have more chance to encounter better males, resulting in higher male mating success. In female-biased OSR, females may become less choosy and less likely to reject male mating attempt, leading to the higher male mating success. Lower male mating success in N. huttoni in high LPD may be due to increased interference between males and/or delayed female receptiveness for mating. OSR had a stronger effect on male mating success than LPD in N. huttoni, suggesting that OSR and LPD affect mating success in different ways and intensities.     

抗灾体适能的影响因素及培养方法

本文以参与多次灾害救援的国家紧急救援队队员及专家为调查对象,通过问卷方式调查在灾害发生时及灾害发生后,影响抗灾体适能的主要影响因素。统计结果表明:影响抗灾体适能变化的主要因素有人们对灾害的认知水平,灾害发生时及发生后人们的心理适应能力、生理适应能力、体能水平及行动能力。在此基础上,提出了有效培养、提高抗灾体适能的方法与手段。即:减灾教育内容要将学生"该知道的"与"想知道的"相结合,通过演练演习等方式提高学生的防灾应急实际技能。     

Possible solutions for sludge dewatering in China

In China, over 1.43×10⁷ tons of dewatered sewage sludge, with 80% water content, were generated from wastewater treatment plants in 2007. About 60% of the COD removed during the wastewater treatment process becomes concentrated as sludge. Traditional disposal methods used by municipal solid waste treatment facilities, such as landfills, composting, or incineration, are unsuitable for sludge disposal because of its high water content. Disposal of sludge has therefore become a major focus of current environmental protection policies. The present status of sludge treatment and disposal methodology is introduced in this paper. Decreasing the energy consumption of sludge dewatering from 80% to 50% has been a key issue for safe and economic sludge disposal. In an analysis of sludge water distribution, thermal drying and hydrothermal conditioning processes are compared. Although thermal drying could result in an almost dry sludge, the energy consumption needed for this process is extremely high. In comparison, hydrothermal technology could achieve dewatered sewage sludge with a 50%–60% water content, which is suitable for composting, incineration, or landfill. The energy consumption of hydrothermal technology is lower than that required for thermal drying.     

太湖水体中氮、磷空间分布特征及环境效应

研究分析了太湖水体中氮、磷空间分布规律. 结果表明,太湖水体中各种形态氮、磷的空间分布呈现出非均一性特征,梅梁湾、竺山湾、贡湖湾、西岸区和湖心区水体中总氮、总磷浓度显著高于其他湖区,溶解态氮/磷、碎屑氮/磷的空间分布规律与总氮/磷的基本一致. 总氮与溶解态氮、碎屑态氮之间存在显著的线性正相关,且相关系数分别为r_DN=0.819 2和r_DeN=0.696 9;总磷与溶解态磷、碎屑态磷也存在极显著的线性正相关,对应的相关系数为r_DP=0.747 7和r_DeP=0.926 0. 水体中叶绿素a的空间分布差异较大,最高浓度出现在太湖的西部(179.2 μg·L^-1±25.9 μg·L^-1),最低的则出现在东太湖七都水域附近(11.3 μg·L^-1±2.7 μg·L^-1). 叶绿素a与总氮、碎屑态氮、总磷、溶解态磷、碎屑态磷、高锰酸盐指数、pH值和悬浮质存在显著的线性正相关,对应相关系数为r_TN=0.662 2、r_DeN=0.873 9、r_TP=0.813 0、r_DP=0.407 7、r_DeP=0.878 1、r_COD=0.868 9、r_pH=0.517 3和r_SS=0.533 4,与溶解态氮、电导率和碱度之间相关不显著.     

基于胶体化学和乳状液理论分析乳状液脱稳破乳机理及方法

乳状液中含有大量的油类和表面活性剂,并以微细的颗粒液珠高度分散在水中,具有相当的稳定性,根据胶体化学和乳状液理论,分析乳状液稳定的原因,从而提出相应的对其进行脱稳破乳除油的方法,这是处理乳状液废水的关键之所在,对乳状液的治理具有重要意义.     

黄海春季表层叶绿素和初级生产力及其粒径结构研究

根据2006年4月对黄海浮游植物分级叶绿素及初级生产力的调查,研究了黄海叶绿素及初级生产力的水平分布及粒级结构特征,并分析了其主要影响因素。黄海海域调查站位表层叶绿素a质量浓度变化范围为0.20～4.94μg·L-1,平均值为0.96μg·L-1。叶绿素最大值出现在临近长江口的站位。叶绿素分级结果表明黄海春季以粒径〉5μm的浮游植物占优势。黄海表层初级生产力的变化范围为2.03～15.64mg·m-3·h-1,平均值为6.08mg·m-3·h-1。其中南黄海海域初级生产力平均为6.58mg·m-3·h-1,北黄海海域初级生产力平均为4.92mg·m-3·h-1。高值区分布在南黄海中部。受水体透明度的影响,低值区出现在临近长江口的站位。断面站位分析表明浮游植物初级生产力由北向南逐步升高,温度随纬度的变化是南北海域初级生产力水平差异的主要原因。由于粒径较小（〈5μm）的浮游植物单位叶绿素具有较高的碳固定能力,调查期间整个海区初级生产力以粒径〈5μm的浮游植物贡献为主。     

离子选择性微电极用于外界胁迫下细胞液中钙分布检测的新模式

离子选择性微电极(ISME)是一种电化学传感器。在单细胞检测中可用来测定细胞内各种离子的浓度和胞外空间的离子流。本文提出了一种离子选择性微电极用于单细胞检测的新方法,即用离子选择性微电极测量植物细胞原生质体破裂时形成的离子浓度脉冲信号,进而分析细胞液中离子浓度的分布。并用此方法研究了在低温、纳米氧化铜(CuO NPs)、重金属(铽、镉)和乙醇等不同因素作用下,芦荟(Aloe vera)细胞原生质体的细胞液中Ca~(2+)的浓度分布。实验结果表明,在冷冻、CuO NPs、硝酸铽和氯化镉处理后细胞液中的Ca~(2+)浓度分布发生分层现象,而乙醇处理则不会出现这种现象。这种方法具有抗干扰能力强和操作简便的优点,为更全面地揭示细胞对外界刺激的响应特征提供了新的视角,也可为各种环境和生态毒理学评价提供新的途径。     

噻吩在双金属有机多孔材料Ni-Cu/BTC上吸附性能的研究

噻吩类硫化物的脱除是燃油能否实现生产超低硫清洁燃油的关键.本文研究了双金属有机多孔材料Ni-Cu/BTC吸附燃油中噻吩的性能.结果表明,Ni-Cu/BTC对模型油中苯并噻吩的吸附动力学过程满足拟二级动力学模型.Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R)3种等温吸附模型均可较好地描述Ni-Cu/BTC对苯并噻吩的等温吸附行为(Freundlich>D-R>Langmuir).热力学参数表明Ni-Cu/BTC对噻吩的吸附是自发的吸热过程.     

双模板分子印迹微球的制备及其在海水溶液中的分子识别行为研究

以萘和蒽为双模板分子,以甲基丙烯酸为功能单体、二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯为交联剂、聚乙烯醇（PVA）为分散剂,通过悬浮聚合制备了双模板分子印迹微球.采用紫外光谱法分析了双模板分子印迹效应产生的机制,用静态吸附实验考察了印迹微球对海水中2—3环多环芳烃的吸附选择性,并以分子印迹-分散固相微萃取法分析了海水中2—3环的多环芳烃.结果表明,双模板-功能单体分子间的多位点协同作用,优化了分子印迹材料的印迹孔穴,提高了双模板分子印迹微球的分子识别能力;所制备的双模板分子印迹材料使用3次后其选择识别性能未显著降低,显示出其富集与分离海水样品中2—3环多环芳烃的良好前景.