溶解有机质对生物富集因子计算的影响:以东江鱼体中多溴联苯醚的生物富集为例

准确获取化合物的生物富集因子(BAF)对于判定化合物是否属于潜在毒害性污染物、评价其生态环境风险都具有重要的意义。为探究水体中溶解有机质(DOM)对BAF值的影响,以东江三角洲流域为研究区域,以多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)为目标化合物,研究了PBDEs各单体在3种鱼体中的富集特征。结果表明,PBDEs在3种鱼体中的浓度范围为42~825 ng·g-1脂肪,log BAF值位于5.0~7.4之间。由于脱溴代谢的种间差异,3种鱼类表现出2种PBDE的组成模式。在缺乏脱溴代谢途径的鱼体内,log BAF与化合物辛醇/水分配系数(log KOW)之间存在统计意义上的抛物线关系。但当BAF进行DOM的校正之后,二者之间抛物线形式的相关性消失,而呈现出显著的正线性相关性。以往研究对BAF值在化合物的log KOW达到一定程度后(7~8附近)出现下降的解释是高KOW化合物较大的分子体积降低了其穿过生物膜的可能性,但我们的研究结果表明,这种下降很可能是由于忽视了水体中DOM影响的结果。     

有机污染物的被动采样材料-水分配系数的QSAR研究

污染物的被动采样材料-水分配系数(K_(PW))是衡量被动采样器性能和进行优化的一个重要指标,由于实验方法难以逐个测定众多污染物的K_(PW)值,有必要发展其KP W预测方法。本研究选取聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯酸酯(PA)和硅橡胶(SR)3类常用的被动采样材料共7种,采用多元线性回归分析方法构建可用于K_(PW)预测的定量构效关系(QSAR)模型。所构建的QSAR模型具有良好的拟合优度(R2a dj介于0.806~0.989)、稳健性(Q2L O O和Q2B O O T分别介于0.786~0.988和0.773~0.801)和预测能力(R_(ext)~2和Q_(ext)~2分别介于0.769~0.989和0.757~0.982),可以用于预测烷烃、烯烃、芳香类、醇类、酮类、酯类、醚类等多种有机污染物的log KP W值。有机污染物的log KP W与分子Mc Gowan体积(Vx)、氯原子个数(n Cl)、环周长(Rperim)、多重键个数(n BM)、N,O极性贡献的拓扑极性表面积(TPSA(NO))、[-N(=)=]结构个数(Ndds N)和羟基个数(nROH)等参数有关。     

Oxidative treatment of aqueous monochlorobenzene with thermally-activated persulfate

The oxidation of aqueous monochlorobenzene （MCB） solutions using thermally- activated persulfate has been investigated. The influence of reaction temperature on the kinetics of MCB oxidation was examined, and the Arrenhius Equation rate constants at 20℃, 30℃, 40℃, 50℃, and 60℃ for MCB oxidation performance were calculated as 0, 0.001, 0.002, 0.015, 0.057 min-1, which indicates that elevated temperature accelerated the rate. The most efficient molar ratio ofpersulfate/MCB for MCB oxidation was determined to be 200 to 1 and an increase in the rate constants suggests that the oxidation process proceeded more rapidly with increasing persulfate/MCB molar ratios. In addition, the reactivity of persulfate in contaminated water is partly influenced by the presence of background ions such as CI-, HCO3, SO2 , and NO3. Importantly, a scavenging effect in rate constant was observed for both C1 and CO2- but not for other ions. The effective thermally activated persulfate oxidation of MCB in groundwater from a real contaminated site was achieved using both elevated reaction temperature and increased persulfate/MCB molar ratio.     

Using crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol polymer membrane as a separator in the microbial fuel cell

Separator between anode and cathode is an essential part of the microbial fuel cell （MFC） and its property could significantly influence the system perfor- mance. In this study we used polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） polymer membrane crosslinked with sulfosuccinic acid （SSA） as a new separator for the MFC. The highest power density of 7594-4 mW-m-2 was obtained when MFC using the PVA membrane crosslinked with 15% of SSA due to its desirable proton conductivity （5.16 x 10-2 S.cml）. The power density significantly increased to 11064- 30 mW.m-2 with a separator-electrode-assembly config- uration, which was comparable with glass fiber （11704- 46 mW.m-2）. The coulombic efficiencies of the MFCs with crosslinked PVA membranes ranged from 36.3% to 45.7% at a fix external resistance of lO00f2. The crosslinked PVA membrane could be a promising alter- native to separator materials for constructing practical MFC system.     

氧化沟工艺低氧同步脱氮启动研究

在常温条件下,采用小试Pasveer氧化沟处理低C/N实际污水,通过控制好氧区平均ρ(DO)为0.2～0.4 mg/L,保持好氧区与缺氧区体积比为1∶1,成功实现低氧脱氮过程。其中,模式1先接种好氧污泥并逐渐降低好氧区DO,然后接种缺氧污泥;模式2初始阶段保持低氧环境,并直接接种好氧和缺氧混合污泥。结果显示:两种方式均能成功启动低氧脱氮并保持较高的脱氮率;同时,当C/N值为1.94时,氨氮去除率较高;当C/N值为3.00时,总氮去除率较高,低氧低碳条件下脱氮效果较好。     

生命周期评价理论及其在污水处理领域的应用综述

生命周期评价为全面评价污水处理提供了工具。在介绍生命周期评价理论的基础上,对其在污水处理领域的应用理论进行分析,对其国内外应用现状和特点进行回顾性评价。同时展望了生命周期评价在污水处理领域的发展,并提出了意见和建议以推动生命周期评价在我国得到更好的应用。     

Phthalate esters contamination in soil and plants on agricultural land near an electronic waste recycling site

The accumulation of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in soil and plants in agricultural land near an electronic waste recycling site in east China has become a great threat to the neighboring environmental quality and human health. Soil and plant samples collected from land under different utilization, including fallow plots, vegetable plots, plots with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) as green manure, fallow plots under long-term flooding and fallow plots under alternating wet and dry periods, together with plant samples from relative plots were analyzed for six PAE compounds nominated as prior pollutants by USEPA. In the determined samples, the concentrations of six target PAE pollutants ranged from 0.31–2.39 mg/kg in soil to 1.81–5.77 mg/kg in various plants (dry weight/DW), and their bioconcentration factors (BCFs) ranged from 5.8 to 17.9. Health risk assessments were conducted on target PAEs, known as typical environmental estrogen analogs, based on their accumulation in the edible parts of vegetables. Preliminary risk assessment to human health from soil and daily vegetable intake indicated that DEHP may present a high-exposure risk on all ages of the population in the area by soil ingestion or vegetable consumption. The potential damage that the target PAE compounds may pose to human health should be taken into account in further comprehensive risk assessments in e-waste recycling sites areas. Moreover, alfalfa removed substantial amounts of PAEs from the soil, and its use can be considered a good strategy for in situ remediation of PAEs.     

北京官厅水库特征污染物筛查及其健康风险评价

水源水中存在数以万计的污染物,需要根据不同水源污染特征筛查相应的特征污染物,并确定其对人体产生的健康风险。针对官厅水库及其出入库河流的表层水样,采用气相色谱质谱方法,对77种有机污染物进行了目标筛查和定量分析;采用非目标筛查的方法,对1 655种有机污染物进行了定性筛查。定量分析检出43种挥发性有机物(VOCs),浓度为nd～8.17 μg·L^-1;8种羰基化合物,浓度为nd～5.04 μg·L^-1;7种嗅味物质,浓度为nd～1 421.58 ng·L^-1。在检出的58种污染物中,有国家生活饮用水卫生标准(GB5749-2006)的共有23种,有国家地表水环境质量标准(GB3838-2002)的22种,浓度均未超过相关标准。对所检出的污染物进行了危害识别,发现5种嗅味物质浓度均超过了其嗅阈值。对其中有基础毒性数据的17种污染物进行了致癌风险评价,对37种污染物进行了非致癌风险评价。研究表明,17种污染物致癌风险处于10^-6～10^-5水平,而37种污染物的非致癌风险处于10^-2水平,均低于国际认同的风险控制阈值。定性筛查出80种具有潜在健康风险的有机污染物,作为进一步深入研究的目标污染物。据此,2012年调查中官厅水库水中的有机微污染对人体健康的风险总体上处于较低水平。其中,苯系物在官厅水库中普遍存在,六氯丁二烯和巴豆醛是主要的风险特征污染物,2-异丙基-3-甲氧基吡嗪(IPMP)、2-异丁基-3-甲氧基吡嗪(IBMP)和2,4,6-三氯茴香醚(TCA)是主要的致嗅特征污染物。     

中国电子废物处理处置典型地区污染调查及环境、生态和健康风险研究进展

电子废物含有大量的金属、塑料和阻燃剂等物质,如果处理不当,电子废物将向环境排放种类繁多的有毒有害物质,从而产生严重的环境污染问题。近年来,国内外学者对电子废物处理所致的生态环境问题给予了相当的关注,已经开展了不少相关研究,这些研究主要集中在我国的几个电子废物处理处置典型地区。本文对近5年来的相关研究成果进行了系统综述,内容涉及电子废物处理处置过程中产生的主要环境污染物,电子废物处理处置活动所致的土壤、水体和大气的重金属和持久性有机污染物污染以及电子废物处理处置活动对动植物和人体的污染风险等,并提出将来关于电子废物研究中需要关注的问题。