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681.
In this study, we report that silver ions (Ag+) from the oxidative dissolution of silver engineered nanoparticles (Ag-ENs) determined the EN toxicity to the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. Most of the Ag-ENs formed non-toxic aggregates (>0.22 μm) in seawater. When the free Ag+ concentration ([Ag+]F) was greatly reduced by diafiltration or thiol complexation, no toxicity was observed, even though the Ag-ENs were better dispersed in the presence of thiols with up to 1.08 × 10−5 M Ag-ENs found in the <0.22 μm fraction, which are orders of magnitude higher than predicted for the natural aquatic environment. The secretion of polysaccharide-rich algal exopolymeric substances (EPS) significantly increased at increasing [Ag+]F. Both dissolved and particulate polysaccharide concentrations were higher for nutrient-limited cells, coinciding with their higher Ag+ tolerance, suggesting that EPS may be involved in Ag+ detoxification.  相似文献   
682.
To evaluate the biomagnification extent of polybrominated diphenyls ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a highly contaminated freshwater food web from South China, trophic magnification factors (TMFs) for 18 PBDE congeners and 53 PCB congeners were calculated. The TMF values ranged 0.26-4.47 for PBDEs and 0.75-5.10 for PCBs. Forty-five of 53 PCBs and BDEs 47, 100 and 154 had TMFs greater than one, suggesting their biomagnification in the present food web. The TMFs for PBDEs were generally smaller than those for PCBs with the same degree of halogenation, indicating a lower biomagnification potential for PBDEs compared to PCBs. For PCBs, it followed a parabolic relationship between TMFs and log KOW (octanol-water partition coefficient). However, this relationship was not significant for PBDEs, possibly due to the more complex behaviors of PBDEs in the food web (e.g., metabolism), compared to that of PCBs.  相似文献   
683.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were detected in fifteen surface sediments and two sediment cores collected from a river in one heavily industrialized region of South China. TBBPA and DBDPE were detected with concentrations ranging from 3.8 to 230 ng/g dw and from 23 to 430 ng/g dw, respectively. Σtri-hepta-BDEs and Σnona-deca-BDEs ranged from 0.7 to 7.6 ng/g dw and from 30 to 5700 ng/g dw, respectively. Σtri-hepta-BDEs showed an increasing trend whereas for Σnona-deca-BDE two sediment cores revealed a decreasing trend in more recent sediment layers which may attributed to the introduction of DBDPE. The rapid increasing trend for TBBPA and DBDPE in recent sediment layers well reflected the rising demand of these two compounds in study area.  相似文献   
684.
CuO/γ-Al_2O_3负载型催化剂催化燃烧处理油烟   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
采用等体积漫渍法制备不同CuO负载量的CuO/γ-Al2O3负载型催化剂,用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜对该催化剂负载层活性组分的表面形态、晶相结构和颗粒大小进行表征,考察了该催化荆催化燃烧处理油烟的催化活性(以油烟净化效率表征).结果显示,催化活性随CuO负载量的增加.反应温度的升高而提高,但随烟气流量的增大而降低;在CuO负载量为20%(质量分数)、反应温度为350℃.烟气流量为5 L/min的最佳实验条件下,CuO/γ-Al2O3负载型催化剂的油烟净化效率最高.可达88.6%.该催化剂对油烟的催化燃烧具有较高的催化活性.  相似文献   
685.
为获取马兰黄土对水溶液中Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附机制.深入完善马兰黄土除Cr(Ⅲ)的理论研究,设计了等温吸附、土柱吸附、形态提取和去方解石除Cr(Ⅲ)试验.通过对试验结果的对比分析得出,马兰黄土对水溶液中Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附作用主要为方解石水解所引起的Cr(Ⅲ)吸附沉淀反应和铁锰氧化物对Cr(Ⅲ)的表面络合反应,辅以多种矿物对Cr(Ⅲ)的阳离子交换作用;马兰黄土对水溶液中Cr(Ⅲ)的等温吸附方程较符合非线性Langmuir型等温吸附方程,其吸附动力学模型较符合抛物线扩散方程.  相似文献   
686.
Concurrent tropospheric O3 and CO vertical profiles from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) during the MILAGRO/INTEX-B aircraft campaigns over the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) and its surrounding regions were used to examine Mexico City pollution outflow on a regional scale. The pollution outflow from the MCMA occurred predominantly at 600–800 hPa as evident in O3, CO, and NOx enhancements in the in situ aircraft observations. TES O3 and CO are sensitive to the MCMA pollution outflow due to their relatively high sensitivities at 600–800 hPa. We examined O3, CO, and their correlation at 600–800 hPa from TES retrievals, aircraft measurements, and GEOS-Chem model results. TES captures much of the spatial and day-to-day variability of O3 seen in the in situ data. TES CO, however, shows much less spatial and day-to-day variability compared with the in situ observations. The ΔO3/ΔCO slope is significantly higher in the TES data (0.43) than the in situ data (0.28) due partly to the lack of variability in TES CO. Extraordinarily high ΔO3/ΔCO slope (0.81) from TES observations at 618 hPa over the Eastern U.S. was previously reported by Zhang et al. [Zhang, L., Jacob, D.J., Bowman, K.W., et al., 2006. Ozone–CO correlations determined by the TES satellite instrument in continental outflow regions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, L18804. 10.1029/2006GL026399.]. Thus the application of TES CO–O3 correlation to map continental pollution outflow needs further examination.  相似文献   
687.
采用延长边沟闷曝时间的方法对BOD降解模式T型氧化沟进行提高脱氮效率的改造。结果表明,边沟闷曝时间由0.5 h增至1 h,系统反硝化和硝化运行时间比tDN/tN由0.56调整至0.50时,提高了系统的NH3-N的硝化效率,强化了脱氮能力。工艺改造后出水NH3-N浓度由改造前15.5 mg/L显著降低至10.4 mg/L,达到了广东省地方标准(DB 44/26-2001)第一时段的二级排放要求;系统脱氮效率由改造前52.1%显著提高到68.3%,有效地解决了污水厂出水NH3-N浓度过高的问题;具有投资少、效果明显的特点,有一定的推广价值。  相似文献   
688.
Emergy Evaluation of the Natural Value of Water Resources in Chinese Rivers   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Emergy theory and method were used to evaluate the economy of China and the contributions of water resources in Chinese rivers to the real wealth of the Chinese economy. The water cycle and energy conversion were reviewed, and an emergy method for evaluating the natural value of water resources in a river watershed was developed. The indices for China calculated from the emergy evaluation were close to those of developing countries. Despite a small surplus in its balance of payments, China had a net emergy loss from its trade in 2002. The efficiency of Chinese natural resource use was still not high and did not match its economic growth rate. Furthermore, the Chinese economy placed a stress on its ecological environment and natural resources. Several indices of Chinese rivers from the emergy evaluation were close to those of average global river water. The main average indices of Chinese rivers were transformity (4.17 × 104 sej/J), emergy per volume (2.05 × 1011 sej/m3), and emdollar per volume (0.06 $/m3). The total value of all the rivers’ water made up 13.0% of the GDP of China in 2002, and that of water consumption accounted for 2.1%. The value of the water resources in the Haihe-luanhe River (11.39 × 104 sej/J) was the highest, followed by the Yellow River (10.27 × 104 sej/J), while the rivers in Southwest China had the lowest values (2.92 × 104 sej/J).  相似文献   
689.
依据田间实测资料,运用水流的电模拟原理,定且分析了南亚热带丘陵赤红壤-果树(荔枝、芒果和龙眼)-大气连续体中水流阻力各分量的大小、变化规律及其相对重要性.结果表明,连续体中的水流阻力主要分布于从叶气孔腔到大气的扩散过程,荔枝、芒果、龙眼叶-气系统的水流阻力Rla占连续体水流总阻力Rsa的比例分别为93.65%~98.03、95.68%~99.03%、90.13%~98.71%;果树植株体的水流阻力Rp居其次,占Rsa的比例分别为1.97%~6.35%、0.97%~4.32%、0.08%~9.87%:土壤阻力Rs最小,占Rsa的比例小到可忽略不计,故叶-气系统的水流阻力是决定连缤体中水流速率的重要因素.  相似文献   
690.
根据定位系统观测资料,阐述了南亚热带山地常绿森林区、丘陵旱作区和平原水稻区多种土壤的温度变化与气温的关系。观测研究结果表明:低山常绿森林区温度的三维空间差异比丘陵区、平原区大,丘陵区又比平原区大;南亚热带林区的气温、地表温、30cm土温比中亚热带的高,比热带的低:南亚热带林区的谷地气温高于针叶林、混交林和阔叶林,谷地地表温低于针叶林而高于混交林和阔叶林,谷地20m土温低于针叶林、混交林而高于阔叶林;在气温一致的丘陵区栽植植物不同,其地表温、土温略有差异;在平原水稻土区,年气温、地表温、20cm土温差异不大,但30cm以下土温渐显差异;不同地貌单元的气温、地表温和土温的年际差异、年平均温度、各月及0~12~24时的温度动态变化各具特征。根据气温与植物生长的关系,拟把气温>22℃的4~10月称热季、气温<22℃的1~3月及11~12月称作凉季。可因地制宜,根据气温和土温的变化特征与土壤水分和作物生长的关系,采取措施调节温度,以利于作物生长。  相似文献   
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