PAHs in surface sediments from coastal and estuarine areas of the northern Bohai and Yellow Seas, China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations and their risks in surface sediments (n = 35) collected from coastal and estuarine areas of the northern Bohai and Yellow Seas, China, were investigated in 2008. Total concentrations of PAHs ranged from 52.3 to 1,870.6 ng/g dry weight. The greatest concentrations were observed in the Dou River of Tangshan where waste water from small factories is discharged into the river without treatment. At other locations, municipal sewage was the primary contributor of PAHs. Regional differences in concentrations of PAHs in sediments are related to human activities. Concentrations of PAHs were significantly correlated with concentrations of organic carbon in sediments. The patterns of relative concentrations and types of PAHs observed and knowledge of the potential sources, as well as the results of a principal component analysis, are consistent with the primary sources of PAHs in sediments of the northern Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, being derived from the high-temperature pyrolytic processes such as combustion of fossil fuel. While concentrations of PAHs at most locations did not exceed the effects range median stated by the numerical effect-based sediment quality guidelines of the United States, concentrations of PAHs at some locations were similar to or greater than the effects range low.     

喀斯特石漠化过程中土壤重金属镉的地球化学特征

喀斯特石漠化是喀斯特背景下的土地退化.文章对喀斯特高原区贵州省清镇市王家寨峰丛洼地同一流域内不同类型石漠化、不同等级石漠化以及不同干扰方式石漠化土壤重金属镉的含量变化及其空间分布特征进行了研究.结果表明:研究区土壤Cd含量在0.034～0.635 mg·kg-1之间,平均值为0.243 mg·kg-1.其中,黑色石灰土Cd含量普遍高于黄壤,且存在极显著性差异(p≤0.01).土壤Cd含量总体随石漠化程度的加深而呈降低趋势,但除强度石漠化和轻度石漠化之间有显著性差异外(p≤0.05),其他石漠化等级之间无显著性变化.不同干扰方式石漠化之间,土壤Cd含量表现为开垦＜放牧＜火烧＜樵采,其中,开垦与火烧、开垦与樵采在对土壤Cd含量的影响上存在显著性差异(p≤0.05).土壤Cd含量在不同坡位间无明显变化规律,也无显著差异.研究区土壤Cd含量受土壤组分、有机质、pH和CEC等诸多因素的影响,其中,土壤有机质、pH和土壤组分是其主要影响因素.     

石灰预处理和干发酵对稻草热解特性影响

深入研究生物质热解有助于热解机理的理解,利用热重分析来探讨石灰预处理和干发酵对稻草热解特性的影响。结果表明:预处理使木质素和半纤维素含量增加,而干发酵使VS、半纤维素和纤维素含量降低;预处理和干发酵改变稻草热解特性,但未改变稻草的热反应机理;热解一级动力学方程很好模拟稻草热解的主失重阶段,稻草热解活化能数值为42.3～47.8 kJ/mol,属于正常范围;预处理降低反应活化能,而干发酵增加反应活化能。这为秸秆及其干发酵残渣的气化提供了重要的设计依据。     

土壤有机农药污染的降解机理与生物修复技术

通过对有机农药在土壤中的环境行为与迁移转化规律综合分析研究,探讨了有机农药污染土壤的生物修复技术,并对生物修复技术进行了前瞻性研究.     

非均匀电动力学修复技术对土壤性质的影响

非均匀电动力学技术是正在发展中的环境修复技术 ,其特点之一是不破坏原有的环境系统。通过小型实验研究了非均匀电动力学及其运行方式对土壤性质的影响 ,分析了非均匀电动力学的作用机理和影响因素 ,同时研究了非均匀电动力学系统的能耗和运行特征。实验结果表明 ,采用合适的运行方式和运行参数 ,可以最大限度地保护土壤原有的特征 ,降低能量消耗 ,具有潜在的应用前景。     

Distributions and concentrations of PAHs in Hong Kong soils

Surface soil (0-10 cm) samples from 53 sampling sites including rural and urban areas of Hong Kong were collected and analyzed for 16 EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Total PAH concentrations were in the range of 7.0-410 microg kg(-1) (dry wt), with higher concentrations in urban soils than that in rural soils. The three predominant PAHs were Fluoranthene, Naphthalene and Pyrene in rural soils, while Fluoranthene, Naphthalene and Benzo(b + k)fluoranthene dominated the PAHs of urban soils. The values of PAHs isomer indicated that biomass burning might be the major origin of PAHs in rural soils, but vehicular emission around the heavy traffic roads might contribute to the soil PAHs in urban areas. A cluster analysis was performed and grouped the detectable PAHs under 4 clusters, which could be indicative of the PAHs with different origins and PAHs affected by soil organic carbon contents respectively.     

Identifying sources of soil inorganic pollutants on a regional scale using a multivariate statistical approach: role of pollutant migration and soil physicochemical properties

Principal components analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis were used to estimate the contribution of four components related to pollutant sources on the total variation in concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Se, Hg, Fe and Mn in surface soil samples from a valley in east China with numerous copper and zinc smelters. Results indicate that when carrying out source identification of inorganic pollutants their tendency to migrate in soils may result in differences between the pollutant composition of the source and the receptor soil, potentially leading to errors in the characterization of pollutants using multivariate statistics. The stability and potential migration or movement of pollutants in soils must therefore be taken into account. Soil physicochemical properties may offer additional useful information. Two different mechanisms have been hypothesized for correlations between soil heavy metal concentrations and soil organic matter content and these may be helpful in interpreting the statistical analysis.     

水泥、粉煤灰及DTCR固化/稳定化重金属污染底泥

采用水泥、粉煤灰及有机硫稳定剂DTCR固化/稳定化处理重金属污染的底泥,考察固化体的抗压强度及重金属浸出毒性,确定了底泥固化/稳定化的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:仅用水泥固化/稳定化重金属污染底泥,固化体抗压强度随水泥用量的增加而上升,重金属浸出浓度则下降,当水泥∶干底泥质量比为0.6∶1.0时,固化体7 d抗压强度能达到0.99 MPa的标准值;进一步研究发现,水泥∶粉煤灰∶干底泥质量比为0.54∶0.06∶1.0时,重金属浸出浓度有所上升,但7 d及28 d抗压强度仍能分别达到1.2 MPa和2.8 MPa;加入DTCR后,当水泥∶粉煤灰∶DTCR∶干底泥质量比为0.54∶0.06∶0.012∶1.0时,固化体7 d及28 d抗压强度分别为1.1 MPa和2.1 MPa,醋酸缓冲溶液法浸出的Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu浓度分别为0.102、0.189、0.180和0.032 mg/L。     

Accumulation and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rice (Oryza sativa)

Various tissues of rice plants were sampled from a PAH contaminated site in Tianjin, China at different growth stages of the ripening period and analyzed for PAHs. PAHs were much higher in roots than in the exposed tissues. Grains and internodes accumulated much smaller amounts of PAHs than leaves, hulls or ear axes. No specific gradient trends along roots, stem, ear axes, and grains were observed, suggesting that systematic translocation among them is unlikely. Over the ripening period, PAH concentrations were increased in rice roots and decreased in most above-ground tissues. Significant correlations between PAH and lipid contents can only be observed during full mature stage. The spectra of individual PAH compounds in rice organs including roots were similar to those in air, rather than those in soil. There was also a significant correlation between bioconcentration factor (BCF, plant over air) and octanol/air partitioning coefficient (Koa).     

电动力学法修复土壤环境重金属污染的研究进展

介绍了电动力学法的基本原理和国外的一些电动力学修复重金属污染土壤的工艺,如Lasagna工艺、阴极区注导电性溶液工艺、阳离子选择性透过膜、CEHIXM工艺、Electro—Klean^TM电分离技术、电化学自然氧化技术、电化学离子交换技术、电吸附技术等,并指出了这些工艺的优缺点。评价了电动力学法处理地下土壤环境中重金属污染的优势及目前存在的问题。