Biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in drip irrigation emitters distributing reclaimed wastewater

Using reclaimed wastewater for crop irrigation is a practical alternative to discharge wastewater treatment plant effluents into surface waters.However,biofouling has been identified as a major contributor to emitter clogging in drip irrigation systems distributing reclaimed wastewater.Little is known about the biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in the drip emitter flow path.This study was first to investigate the microbial characteristics of mature biofilms present in the emitters and the effect of flow path structures on the biofilm microbial communities.The analysis of biofilm matrix structure using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that particles in the matrix of the biofilm coupled extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and formed sediment in the emitter flow path.Analysis of biofilm mass including protein,polysaccharide and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) showed that emitter flow path style influenced biofilm community structure and diversity.The correlations of biofilm biomass and discharge reduction after 360 h irrigation were computed and suggest that PFLAs provide the best correlation coefficient.Comparatively,the emitter with the unsymmetrical dentate structure and shorter flow path (Emitter C) had the best anti-clogging capability.By optimizing the dentate structure,the internal flow pattern within the flow path could be enhanced as an important method to control the biofilm within emitter flow path.This study established electron microscope techniques and biochemical microbial analysis methods that may provide a framework for future emitter biofilm studies.     

胞外聚合物对浸没式膜-生物反应器膜过滤性能的影响

通过浸没式膜-生物反应器（SMBR）处理上海市城市内河水的试验,研究了反应器混合液中和2种疏水性不同的膜上污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）的量、组成、污泥特性及对膜过滤性能的影响.结果表明,混合液污泥中的溶解性EPS和固着性EPS比膜上污泥多,不同污泥的固着性EPS组分中蛋白质（EPSP）/多糖（EPSC）的大小顺序依次为混合液污泥〈亲水膜污泥〈疏水膜污泥.疏水膜污泥中溶解性EPS比亲水膜多,溶解性EPS和固着性EPS量及组分均有很大差异.混合液污泥的EPS流动性大,疏水性膜上污泥EPS的流动性较大.溶解性EPS对污泥特性及膜过滤性能影响较大.SMBR中亲、疏水性膜片上黏附的污泥的相对疏水性分别为53%、59%.比较2种膜片通量的变化发现,疏水性膜污染严重.     

两种不同的地下水污染风险评价体系对比分析:以北京市平原区为例

地下水污染风险评价对地下水的污染防治区划及合理开采利用地下水资源具有重要意义.目前国际上最具代表性的评价体系包括UN体系和WP体系.两种体系基础要素均包括地下水固有防污性能、含水层富水性、地下水水质、地下水源保护区和污染负荷,但是5个基础要素的组合方式不同.为探讨两种体系评价结果的差异性及造成差异性的原因,对北京市平原区地下水分别采用UN体系和WP体系进行污染风险评价,将评价结果进行对比分析.结果表明,UN体系和WP体系存在明显差异,2种体系的评价等级空间分布趋势相似,均符合实际情况,但是同等级覆盖范围差异较大;并且评价体系构成的层次问题、评价要素的叠加规则及评价过程中运用的分级方法都可能对UN体系和WP体系的地下水污染风险评价结果造成影响.UN体系和WP体系评价方法都适用于平原区的地下水污染风险评价,但是2种评价体系考虑的侧重点不同.     

有机蒙脱石负载纳米铁去除溶液中四溴双酚A的研究

研究了改性蒙脱石负载纳米铁材料(NZVI-CMT)在甲醇-水体系中对四溴双酚A(TBBPA)的去除作用,并确定了反应温度、TBBPA初始浓度以及材料投加量等因素对去除效果的影响.结果表明,在25℃条件下,0.02 g NZVI-CMT对初始浓度为10 mg·L-1TBBPA溶液的去除率可达97.5%,而且NZVI-CMT对TBBPA的去除率明显高于两种单一材料即纳米零价铁(NZVI)及有机蒙脱石(CMT)的去除率(18.3%、67.3%),同时也大于两者之和(85.6%).利用NZVI-CMT对TBBPA进行重复去除实验时,前3次的去除率均可达到90%以上.通过检测降解产物并分析材料对TBBPA去除过程的特性,发现NZVI-CMT对TBBPA的去除以吸附为主,并伴有少量还原脱溴反应发生,而且较高的反应温度对降解反应有利.     

镍、锌、铝对羊角月芽藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)生长及酶活性影响研究

研究了不同浓度镍，锌，铝对常见绿藻羊角月芽藻生长速度，蛋白质含量，ＡＴＰ水平，葡萄糖－６－磷酸脱氢酶，酸性磷酸酶及硝酸还原酶活性的影响。结果表明３种金属离子在所试浓度范围内对羊角月芽藻的生长速度均有抑制作用，但单位藻培养物中蛋白质含量却随着金属离子浓度的增加而增加；高浓度金属离子对酶活性有明显抑制作用；藻细胞中ＡＴＰ水平随着金属离子浓度的增加而下降。     

水淬渣人工湿地强化除磷作用研究

研究了水淬渣的磷吸附-解吸效果,构建了以水淬渣为主要基质的模拟垂直流人工湿地系统,分析了水力停留时间(HRT)和污染负荷变化对污水中磷去除的影响,探讨了湿地上行、下行流单元各层基质的除磷贡献.结果表明,水淬渣基质的磷饱和吸附量为3 333 mg.kg-1,其水溶性钙含量为0.084%,pH值为7.54,适合作为湿地除磷基质.HRT与磷除去率呈正相关,当HRT从1 d缩短为0.5 d时,TP去除率降低5.9%~4.7%,当HRT从2 d缩短为1 d时,TP去除率降低2.4%~4.7%,HRT为1 d条件下,水淬渣湿地的磷去除率>85%,说明无限延长HRT无益于强化除磷,适宜的HRT为1 d.在进水浓度稳定的条件下,进水污染负荷与磷去除率呈负相关,当污染负荷范围在12.2~36.8 g.(m2.d)-1时,水淬渣湿地的磷除去率可维持在85%,当污染负荷达到48.9 g.(m2.d)-1后,水淬渣湿地的磷除去率下降至65%,当污染负荷<36.8 g.(m2.d)-1时,水淬渣湿地的磷去除率>82%,说明高污染负荷可抑制基质表面及孔隙中Ca、Al等吸附磷的活跃位点,适宜的进水污染负荷为24.5~36.8g.(m2.d...     

水蚯蚓对硝化细菌活性影响的试验研究

采用SBR反应器富集培养富含硝化细菌的活性污泥,利用填料挂载的方法向SBR反应器投加水蚯蚓,考察了水蚯蚓对SBR反应器硝化效率及硝化细菌活性的影响.结果表明,SBR反应器挂载水蚯蚓后,SBR系统的硝化速率降低了16.65%,NO2--N氧化率减少量约为24%.通过对SBR系统单一周期各形态氮素浓度变化规律进行考察,发现...     

Identification of rice cultivars with low brown rice mixed cadmium and lead contents and their interactions with the micronutrients iron, zinc, nickel and manganese

Paddy fields in mining areas are usually co-contaminated by a cocktail of mixed toxic heavy metals (e.g., Cd and Pb in Pb/Zn mines). However, previous studies on rice cultivars screened for effective metal exclusion have mostly focused on individual metals, and have been conducted under pot-trial or hydroponic solution conditions. This study identified rice cultivars with both low Cd and Pb accumulation under Cd-and Pb-contaminated field conditions, and the interactions of the toxic elements Cd and Pb with the micronutrient elements Fe, Zn, Mn and Ni were also studied. Among 32 rice cultivars tested, there were significant differences in Cd (0.06-0.59 mg/kg) and Pb (0.25-3.15 mg/kg) levels in their brown rice, and similar results were also found for the micronutrient elements. Significant decreases in concentrations of Fe and Mn were detected with increasing Cd concentrations and a significant elevation in Fe, Mn and Ni with increasing Pb concentrations. A similar result was also shown by Cd and Ni. Three cultivars were identified with a combination of low brown rice Cd and Pb, high micronutrient and grain yield (Wufengyou 2168, Tianyou 196 and Guinongzhan). Present results suggest that it is possible to breed rice cultivars with low mixed toxic element (Cd, Pb) and high micronutrient contents along with high grain yields, thus ensuring food safety and quality.     

逐级化学提取法研究煤中溴的赋存状态

采用逐级化学提取法研究了煤中溴的赋存状态,用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP—MS）测定了煤及各种提取状态中溴的含量．结果表明,来自四川和重庆的8个煤中溴主要以水溶态、离子交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰结合态和有机态存在,平均总提取率为88．2％．对于烟煤和无烟煤,前者有机态溴的相对量大于后者,平均值分别为22．3％和20．0...     

西安市地表灰尘中多环芳烃分布特征与来源解析

采集了西安市地表灰尘样品58个,利用GC-FID对其中16种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)进行含量分析,在此基础上研究了其分布特征与环境来源.结果表明,西安市地表灰尘中单体PAH的含量范围为14.69~6 370.48μg·kg~(-1);16种PAHs总量(Σ_(16)PAHs)范围为5 039.67~47 738.50μg·kg~(-1),平均值为13 845.82μg·kg~(-1).与国内外其他城市比较发现,西安市地表灰尘中PAHs的含量相对较高.地表灰尘中PAHs主要由4环以上的高分子量PAHs构成,7种致癌芳烃(Σ_7CPAHs)平均占Σ16PAHs的46.08%.地表灰尘中Σ_(16)PAHs的平均含量在工业区最高,文教区、交通区和商业交通混合区含量次之,住宅区和公园较低.地表灰尘中Σ_(16)PAHs平均含量沿主城区-二环-三环由内向外呈增加趋势.地表灰尘中Σ16PAHs在东郊和西郊工业区、南郊和北二环重交通区相对较高,主城区、北郊和城市东南部较低.比值法、聚类分析和主成分分析结果表明,西安市地表灰尘中PAHs主要来源于化石燃料和煤的燃烧,其中柴油燃烧和汽油燃烧的方差贡献率分别为36.07%和32.31%,煤燃烧方差贡献率为23.40%.