城市污水纳米材料混凝强化一级处理研究

对nano-SiO2与PAC复配使用强化混凝处理城市污水进行了实验研究.探讨了nano-SiO2在水中的分散效果、nano-SiO2强化混凝的工艺条件及强化效果.实验表明,与常规PAC强化混凝相比,nano-SiO2强化混凝能有效提高城市污水的除污效果、改善矾花沉降性能、缩短沉淀时间、提高城市污水化学絮凝强化一级处理工艺的抗冲击能力.同时投加nanoSiO2(25 mg/L)与PAC(75 mg/L)后,先快速搅拌(250r/min)2 min,然后慢速搅拌(60r/min)8 min,再沉淀3 min,出水COD、TP及浊度去除率分别为50.47%、79.84%和90.93%,较单独投加PAC(75 mg/L)分别提高28.43%、39.94%和62.18%.     

Retrieval of total suspended matter (TSM) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration from remote-sensing data for drinking water resources

The concentrations of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and total suspended matter (TSM) are major water quality parameters that can be retrieved using remotely sensed data. Water sampling works were conducted on 15 July 2007 and 13 September 2008 concurrent with the Indian Remote-Sensing Satellite (IRS-P6) overpass of the Shitoukoumen Reservoir. Both empirical regression and back-propagation artificial neural network (ANN) models were established to estimate Chl-a and TSM concentration with both in situ and satellite-received radiances signals. It was found that empirical models performed well on the TSM concentration estimation with better accuracy (R ² = 0.94, 0.91) than their performance on Chl-a concentration (R ² = 0.62, 0.75) with IRS-P6 imagery data, and the models accuracy marginally improved with in situ spectra data. Our results indicated that the ANN model performed better for both Chl-a (R ² = 0.91, 0.82) and TSM (R ² = 0.98, 0.94) concentration estimation through in situ collected spectra; the same trend followed for IRS-P6 imagery data (R ² = 0.75 and 0.90 for Chl-a; R ² = 0.97 and 0.95 for TSM). The relative root mean square errors (RMSEs) from the empirical model for TSM (Chl-a) were less than 15% (respectively 27.2%) with both in situ and IRS-P6 imagery data, while the RMSEs were less than 7.5% (respectively 18.4%) from the ANN model. Future work still needs to be undertaken to derive the dynamic characteristic of Shitoukoumen Reservoir water quality with remotely sensed IRS-P6 or Landsat-TM data. The algorithms developed in this study will also need to be tested and refined with more imagery data acquisitions combined with in situ spectra data.     

Kinetic and isotherms studies of phosphorus adsorption onto natural riparian wetland sediments: linear and non-linear methods

Riparian wetlands provide critical functions for the improvement of surface water quality and storage of nutrients. Correspondingly, investigation of the adsorption characteristic and capacity of nutrients onto its sediments is benefit for utilizing and protecting the ecosystem services provided by riparian areas. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and pseudo-second-order kinetic model were applied by using both linear least-squares and trial-and-error non-linear regression methods based on the batch experiments data. The results indicated that the transformations of non-linear isotherms to linear forms would affect the determination process significantly, but the non-linear regression method could prevent such errors. Non-linear Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms both fitted well with the phosphorus adsorption process (r ²?>?0.94). Moreover, the influences of temperature and ionic strength on the adsorption of phosphorus onto natural riparian wetland sediments were also studied. Higher temperatures were suitable for phosphorus uptake from aqueous solution using the present riparian wetland sediments. The adsorption capacity increased with the enhancement of ionic strength in agreement with the formation of inner-sphere complexes. The quick adsorption of phosphorus by the sediments mainly occurred within 10 min. The adsorption kinetic was well-fitted by pseudo-second-order kinetic model (r ²?>?0.99). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectra analyses before and after phosphorus adsorption revealed the main adsorption mechanisms in the present system.     

PRB技术对地下水中重金属离子的处理研究

实验模拟地下环境,以受重金属离子Pb(Ⅱ)、As(Ⅲ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Cr(Ⅵ)、Fe(Ⅱ)和总Mn污染的地下水为研究对象,利用还原铁粉、铸铁粉、铸铁粉与颗粒活性炭的混合物为可渗透反应墙(PRB)的主要介质,石英砂为辅助介质,设计了3种反应器.在有效孔隙率为60%～65%、水力停留时间为12.0～14.4 h的条件下,考察其对污染物的去除效果.结果表明:3种反应器对Pb(Ⅱ)、As(Ⅲ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Cr(Ⅵ)均有较高的去除效果,去除率达98%以上;总Mn的去除率分别达98%、89%和66%;Fe(Ⅱ)的去除率分别达83%、56%和49%.考察了3种反应器内pH、Eh、DO的关系及对重金属离子去除效果的影响,分析了污染物的去除机理.综合考虑处理效果与成本,笔者认为以铸铁粉与石英砂的混合物为PRB的反应介质,应用PRB技术原位处理受上述重金属离子污染的地下水是可行的.     

小型焚烧设施烟气中二噁英类的排放和控制

对中国典型的小型焚烧设施现状和二噁英类排放进行了初步调查研究,未经处理的小型垃圾焚烧设施烟气中二噁英类毒性当量(TEQ)大于6 ng/m3,小型火化机烟气中二噁英类TEQ大于5 ng/m3.设计并检验了布袋除尘器和活性炭滤布的二噁英类去除效果.仅使用布袋除尘器二噁英类去除率不高,布袋除尘器和活性炭滤布联用可以有效去除飞灰和气相中的二噁英类,去除率达到90%左右,可达到《生活垃圾焚烧污染控制标准》(GB 18485-2001)二噁英类排放标准.     

Effects of different Ca2+ behavior patterns in the electric field on membrane fouling formation and removal of trace organic compounds

The effects of Ca²⁺on membrane fouling and trace organic compounds(TrOCs) removal in an electric field-assisted microfiltration system were investigated in the presence of Na+alone for comparison. In the electric field, negatively charged bovine serum albumin(BSA)migrated towards the anode far away from the membrane surface, resulting in a 42.9% transmembrane pressure(TMP) reduction in the presence of Na+at 1.5 V. In contrast, because of the stronger charge shielding of Ca²⁺     

分子连接性指数(mJ)与有机物毒性的相关性

定义原子特征值δ     

类Fenton试剂氧化降解土壤中PAHs及其影响因素研究

使用类Fenton试剂可以有效降解土壤中的多环芳烃（PAHs）。选择4种PAHs菲、芘、苯并[a]芘、茚并（1,2,3-cd）芘作为考察对象,研究了类Fenton试剂对土壤中PAHs的降解条件。单因素降解实验结果表明,在H2O2浓度为0.5mol/L,Fe（NO3）3浓度为0.1 mol/L,水土比为3∶1,反应时间为...     

Mg/Al水滑石对水中痕量邻苯二甲酸酯的吸附动力学和热力学

研究了Mg／A1水滑石对水中痕量邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2一乙基己基）酯（DEHP）和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯（DnOP）的吸附动力学和热力学特性。结果表明,在所研究的浓度范围内,3种邻苯二甲酸酯的吸附动力学曲线均符合准二级速率方程,DMP、DEHP和DnOP分别在600、200和200min基本达到吸附平衡;3种邻苯二甲酸酯的吸附等温线基本符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程;在283～308K范围,pH=6．36,3种邻苯二甲酸酯初始浓度均为50μg／L时,吸附过程△H为负值且绝对值为5～12kJ／mol,表明吸附为放热过程,以表面物理吸附为主,邻苯二甲酸酯在Mg／Al水滑石上的吸附是色散力、诱导力、取向力和氢键力等多种作用力协同作用的结果。     

Source apportionment of polychlorinated biphenyls in the New York/New Jersey Harbor

The New York/New Jersey Harbor (also known as the Hudson River Estuary) is heavily contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) arising in part from inputs from the Upper Hudson River, which is a Superfund site containing historical PCB contamination, and also due to inputs from the New York City metropolitan area. The Contamination Assessment and Reduction Project (CARP) measured PCBs and other contaminants in ambient water samples collected throughout the Harbor region during 1998-2001. In order to investigate the sources of PCBs to the NY/NJ Harbor, this data base of PCB concentrations was analyzed using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). This analysis resolved seven factors that are thought to be associated with sources such as the Upper Hudson River, storm water runoff, combined sewer overflows (CSOs), and wastewater effluents. The PMF model also produced a factor that appears to be related to sites contaminated with Aroclor 1260. To the extent that the NY/NJ Harbor is typical of urbanized estuaries throughout the United States, these results suggest that storm water runoff is probably a significant source of PCBs to surface waters in urban areas.