电解锰渣无害化处理技术简

电解锰渣是湿法电解金属锰工艺产生的废渣,环境危害性大、治理难度大。为消除锰渣的污染性,实验研究了锰渣浸出液中污染物种类,并分别采用生石灰和氢氧化钠作处理剂,从成本、处理效果方面进行比较,确定处理剂以及最佳运行条件。得出结论：锰渣中主要污染物为锰和氨氮（分别超过相关标准453倍和26倍）,选取生石灰做处理剂,处理后的锰渣,浸出液中锰离子和氨氮的减排量分别达到99%和97%以上,水溶性锰离子浓度低于5 mg/L、氨氮浓度低于25 mg/L,均达到《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）中的排放标准;反应时间30 h以上、避免雨淋、不通风、无日照为最佳反应条件。     

汉沙黄/TiO_2光催化剂的制备及其光催化活性

采用溶剂热合成法制备了一种新型的汉沙黄/TiO2复合物光催化剂,利用多种手段SEM、XRD、FT-IR对催化剂的样品形貌、结构进行表征。分别以罗丹明B、亚甲基蓝、中性红为目标降解物,考察了可见光下溶液pH值对催化剂的吸附性能和催化活性的影响。结果表明,敏化后的TiO2对光的响应由紫外区扩展到可见区,催化活性优于纯TiO2,对上述3种染料的吸附率分别为19.2%、29.2%和43.2%,降解率分别为98.6%、92.5%和97.8%。制备的汉沙黄/TiO2光催化剂稳定性好,重复使用率高,在印染废水处理中具有很好的应用前景。     

不同氮素浓度与空间条件下青萍生长特征

以西部地区优势浮萍品种青萍为实验对象,研究了它在不同总氮(TN)初始浓度和空间条件下的生长特征。结果表明,在表面积为95 cm2,TN初始浓度为0、1、2、3 mg/L的条件下,青萍的生长能较好地服从经典生长模型,对数生长阶段的相对生长速率(RGR)随TN浓度的增长而线性增长,分别为0.10、0.11、0.13、0.13 d-1。在TN浓度为10 mg/L,表面积为95、130和230 cm2的条件下,青萍的生长能较好地服从Logistic生长模型,其环境最大承载量和对数生长阶段的RGR分别为1 899、2 101和1 962 g/m2以及0.21、0.21和0.20 d-1。     

印染废水接触氧化池中悬浮污泥和生物膜的微生物群落比较分析

为了揭示接触氧化池中悬浮污泥和生物膜菌群群落结构的异同,提取基因组DNA,采用PCR扩增与454高通量测序技术对两者菌群测序并进行了操作单元(OTU)聚类分析、多样性分析和分类学分析。结果表明,悬浮污泥和生物膜菌群的高通量测序分析分别得到优化序列8 256条和10 592条,测序覆盖深度都在80%左右,经过97%相似度归并后分别得到570个OTUs和694个OTUs,菌群多样性分析显示悬浮污泥内菌群的丰度和多样性都低于生物膜,悬浮污泥有356个属的细菌构成,而生物膜内则有387个,都归属于21个门。悬浮污泥和生物膜内不仅存在共有菌种,也含有各自的特定菌种,说明不同的微环境使其有了相对应的优势群落。通过这种差异的比较分析,更能准确地了解接触氧化池中微生物的群落组成情况,有利于分析其与系统功能的关系。     

海南火山岩滤料曝气生物滤池工艺优化研究

本研究基于上向流曝气生物滤池污水处理系统,研究了该工艺不同气水比、不同水力停留时间、不同滤料高度层、反冲洗强度对污染物的处理效能的影响。结果表明,气水比为4∶1、水力停留时间2 h时,BAF出水中COD、NH+4-N和SS指标达到最佳;沿程污染物去除率随着滤料层高度的增加逐渐增大,当滤料高度大于1.6 m时趋于稳定,COD、NH+4-N和SS平均去除率分别达到80%、99%和80.3%。建议曝气生物滤池的反冲洗推荐程序为:先气冲(18 L/(m2·s)),单独气洗2~3 min;再气冲(18 L/(m2·s))加水冲(5 L/(m2·s)),联合反冲洗3~5 min;最后水冲(5 L/(m2·s)),漂洗5~8 min。     

Adsorption enhancement of laterally interacting phenol/aniline mixtures onto nonpolar adsorbents

Adsorption equilibria of phenol and aniline onto nonpolar macroreticular adsorbents were investigated in single and binary-solute aqueous systems at 293 K and 313 K. All adsorption isotherms can be well represented by the Langmuir equation. Larger uptake of aniline than phenol onto all the adsorbents probably results from the higher hydrophobicity of the former compound as well as the greater electronic density of the aromatic ring of aniline. It is interestingly observed that at a relatively high loading, the total uptake of phenol and aniline in a binary system is remarkably higher than those in a single system. Such uptake difference was elucidated by the cooperative effect arising from the lateral acid–base interaction between the loaded phenol and aniline molecules. Moreover, larger average pore size of the adsorbent is found to result in a greater cooperative coefficient, as observed from the equimolar phenol/aniline adsorption system.     

Influence of hydrological regime on pore water metal concentrations in a contaminated sediment-derived soil

Options for wetland creation or restoration might be limited because of the presence of contaminants in the soil. The influence of hydrological management on the pore water concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn in the upper soil layer of a contaminated overbank sedimentation zone was investigated in a greenhouse experiment. Flooding conditions led to increased Fe, Mn, Ni and Cr concentrations and decreased Cd, Cu and Zn concentrations in the pore water of the upper soil layer. Keeping the soil at field capacity resulted in a low pore water concentration of Fe, Mn and Ni while the Cd, Cu, Cr and Zn concentrations increased. Alternating hydrological conditions caused metal concentrations in the pore water to fluctuate. Formation and re-oxidation of small amounts of sulphides appeared dominant in determining the mobility of Cd, Cu, and to a lesser extent Zn, while Ni behaviour was consistent with Fe/Mn oxidation and reduction. These effects were strongly dependent on the duration of the flooded periods. The shorter the flooded periods, the better the metal concentrations could be linked to the mobility of Ca in the pore water, which is attributed to a fluctuating CO(2) pressure.     

Development of a regional hydrologic soil model and application to the Beerze--Reusel drainage basin

The soil compartment is an important interface between the atmosphere and the subsurface hydrosphere. In this paper a conceptual approach for regional hydrologic soil modelling (RHSM) is presented, which provides two important qualities for modelling. First, the soil compartment is directly coupled to the atmosphere via the land surface and to the aquifers. Second, extremely fine (5cm vertical) resolutions of the soil system can be realized at regional scales (several hundreds of km(2)). This high-resolution modelling could be achieved by parallel computation techniques. The RHSM approach is applied to the Beerze-Reusel drainage basin, which belongs to the Meuse River basin. Moisture transport in the soil system was calculated with extremely high vertical resolution at a regional scale based on rainfall-evaporation data for the year 2000. As a result, highly resolved regional groundwater recharge pattern addressing the heterogeneity of soil systems could be determined.     

Field evaluation of digital optical method to quantify the visual opacity of plumes

Visual Determination of the Opacity of Emissions from Stationary Sources (Method 9) is a reference method established by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to quantify plume opacity. However, Method 9 relies on observations from humans, which introduces subjectivity. In addition, it is expensive to teach and certify personnel to evaluate plume opacity on a semiannual basis. In this study, field tests were completed during a "smoke school" and a 4-month monitoring program of plumes emitted from stationary sources with a Method 9 qualified observer to evaluate the use of digital photography and two computer algorithms as an alternative to Method 9. This Digital Optical Method (DOM) improves objectivity, costs less to implement than Method 9, and provides archival photographic records of the plumes. Results from "smoke school" tests indicate that DOM passed six of eight tests when the sun was located in the 140 degrees sector behind one of the three cameras, with the individual opacity errors of 15% or less and average opacity errors of 7.5% or less. DOM also passed seven of the eight tests when the sun was located in the 216 degrees sector behind another camera. However, DOM passed only one of the eight tests when the sun was located in the 116 degrees sector in front of the third camera. Certification to read plume opacity by a "smoke reader" for 6 months requires that the "smoke reader" pass one of the smoke school tests during smoke school. The average opacity errors and percentage of observations with individual opacity errors above 15% for the results obtained with DOM were lower than those obtained by the smoke school trainees with the sun was located behind the camera, whereas they were higher than the smoke school trainee results with the sun located in front of the camera. In addition, the difference between plume opacity values obtained by DOM and a Method 9 qualified observer, as measured in the field for two industrial sources, were 2.2%. These encouraging results demonstrate that DOM is able to meet Method 9 requirements under a wide variety of field conditions and, therefore, has potential to be used as an alternative to Method 9.     

干旱遥感监测方法研究应用进展

严重、频繁的干旱已经成为世界范围内最为严重的气候灾害之一,它直接阻碍了社会经济的可持续发展.开展干旱的监测、预测与评估研究,具有重大现实意义.首先回顾了国内外的研究动态,介绍了几种干旱遥感监测指数的原理、方法以及适用范围,重点阐述了EOS/MODIS数据的计算模型的应用,并对各种干旱监测指数存在的问题以及干旱监测的发展趋势进行了探讨.