Co-pyrolysis of sludge and kaolin/zeolite in a rotary kiln: Analysis of stabilizing heavy metals

• Adding kaolin/zeolite promotes the formation of stable heavy metals. • The potential ecological risk index of co-pyrolysis biochar is extremely low. • Increasing the pyrolysis temperature reduces the leaching toxicity of heavy metals. • The toxicity of biochar reduces with the increasing content of stable heavy metals. Pyrolysis is a promising technique used for treating of sewage sludge. However, the application of pyrolysis products is limited due to the presence of heavy metals. In this study, sewage sludge mixed with kaolin/zeolite was pyrolyzed in a rotary kiln, aiming to improve the immobilization of heavy metals in pyrolytic carbon. The total concentrations, speciation distributions, leaching toxicities, and potential ecological risk indices of heavy metals in pyrolysis biochar were explored to examine the effects of kaolin/zeolite and pyrolytic temperature on immobilizing heavy metals. Further, mineral composition and surface morphology of biochar were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy to reveal the potential mechanism of immobilizing heavy metals. Increasing pyrolysis temperature facilitated the stabilization of heavy metals in pyrolysis biochar. The proportions of stable heavy metals in biochar obtained at 650℃ were 54.50% (Cu), 29.73% (Zn), 79.29% (Cd), 68.17% (Pb) and 86.70% (Cr). Compared to sewage sludge, the potential contamination risk index of pyrolysis biochar obtained at 650℃ was reduced to 17.01, indicating a low ecological risk. The addition of 7% kaolin/zeolite further reduced the risk index of co-pyrolysis biochar prepared at 650℃ to 10.86/15.28. The characterization of biochar revealed that increase in the pyrolysis temperature and incorporation of additives are conducive to the formation of stable heavy metal-inorganics. This study demonstrates that the formation of stable mineral compounds containing heavy metals is the key to stabilizing heavy metals in pyrolysis biochar.     

Removal efficiencies of natural and synthetic progesterones in hospital wastewater treated by different disinfection processes

● The concentrations of 61 progesterones in HWW, PFTE, SBTE were evaluated. ● The removal efficiencies of progesterones by PFT and SBT were identified. ● Compared the removal efficiencies of progeste rones in five disinfection processes. Progesterones are ubiquitous in hospital wastewater (HWW) with concentrations much higher than those of estrogens and androgens. To ensure that these water systems are safe to use, disinfection is crucial during HWW treatment by providing “front line” defense against biological contaminations. Here, five disinfection processes, namely, chlorine (Cl₂), chlorine dioxide (ClO₂), ozone (O₃), ultraviolet (UV)), and UV/chlorine (UV/Cl₂), were selected to investigate their removal efficiencies for progesterones in primary filtration and secondary biological treatment effluents. There were 61 natural and synthetic progesterones detected in HWW, with the natural progesterones being the main components with a concentration of 845.51 ng/L and contributing to 75.08% of the total progesterones. The primary filtration treatment presented insignificant removal effects on the progesterones, while the secondary biological treatment significantly reduced the progesterone content by biodegradation. The order of removal efficiencies of total progesterones by different disinfection processes was UV/Cl₂ > Cl ₂ > O ₃ > ClO ₂ > UV. UV/Cl ₂ showed the highest removal efficiency against progesterones mainly due to the activation of Cl₂ by ultraviolet (UV) photolysis, which helps open the heterocyclic, aromatic, and phenolic rings, thus accelerating progesterone degradation. In addition, the removal efficiencies of natural progesterones in the five disinfection processes were higher than those of synthetic progesterones (progesterone derivatives, 19-nortestosterone derivatives, and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone derivatives).     

Stoichiometric characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in Chimonobambusa utilis leaves at different elevations北大核心CSCD

海拔对植物养分元素的分配和生存策略的权衡具有重要影响.为了解金佛山方竹(Chimonobambusa utilis)叶片氮、磷养分对海拔梯度的响应,以四川盆地南缘3个海拔(1 400 m、1 600 m和1 800 m)金佛山方竹纯林为研究对象,建立12个典型样地,对生长季节叶片氮、磷含量和土壤养分含量、温度、含水量等进行定量研究和相关性分析.结果表明:(1)随海拔的升高,叶片氮含量呈上升趋势,叶片磷含量呈下降趋势,叶片氮磷比呈上升趋势;各海拔叶片氮磷比均大于16,表明金佛山方竹生长可能受到磷限制.(2)冗余分析表明,叶片氮含量和氮磷比与土壤温度、含水量和速效磷含量呈负相关,与土壤速效氮含量呈正相关;叶片磷含量与土壤全氮和速效氮含量呈负相关,与其余环境因子呈正相关;土壤温度、速效氮、全氮、含水量和速效磷含量对叶片氮、磷化学计量特征整体影响显著,变量解释度分别为72.10%、7.90%、8.80%、2.50%和1.20%.(3)相对重要性分析表明,土壤温度和速效氮含量是叶片氮含量变异的主导因子,土壤温度、速效磷和全氮含量是叶片磷含量变异的主导因子,土壤温度、速效磷含量和速效氮含量是叶片氮磷比变异的主导因子.上述研究结果说明,海拔引起的土壤温度和养分供应的差异调节着金佛山方竹叶片的氮、磷化学计量特征.(图4表3参49)     

槽式太阳能热电站光污染问题分析

槽式太阳能热电站正常运行情况下会不可避免地产生光污染问题。本文分析了槽式太阳能热电站产生光污染的原因以及光污染对人和生态环境产生的影响。在槽式太阳能电站选址阶与运行阶段,分别提出了有效的光污染防治措施,为今后槽式太阳能热电站光污染防治提供了一定的参考依据。     

啶虫脒在甘蓝和土壤中的残留消解动态研究

采用田间试验及气相色谱检测方法,研究了啶虫脒在甘蓝(Brassica oleracea L.var.capitata L.)和土壤中的残留消解动态.结果表明,啶虫脒在甘蓝和土壤中消解较快.在甘蓝中半衰期为1.4～1.6 d,药后3d消解90%以上;在土壤中的半衰期为1.8～1.9 d,药后7 d消解90%以上.3%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂,45、22.5 g·hm-2,施药2次,药后3、5、7 d苹果和土壤中残留量均小于2 mg·kg-1.     

桂林市水环境问题分析与对策

本文分析了桂林市面临的缺水、水污染严重、水环境设施不足、水旱灾害加剧等水环境问题及原因，并探讨了解决问题的对策：对水资源的保护与开发实行统一规划和管理；保护水源林，提高林木覆盖率；采取适当的蓄水补水工程措施；提高环保投入，加强污染综合防治；节约用水大有潜力；合理布局，优化产业结构     

折弯机通用组合上模结构的改进和设计

通过对新、旧2种折弯机组合上模从工艺结构、受力分析、设计要点及调节使用等方面进行全面的比较和分析,提出一种新的、合理的上模结构——偏心销式分段有量度调节结构的折弯机组合上模.     

透水混凝土抗压强度尺寸效应细观数值模拟研究

针对透水混凝土抗压强度尺寸效应问题,开展透水混凝土抗压强度尺寸效应的细观数值模拟研究.假定混凝土是由骨料、砂浆及孔隙组成,采用Monte Carlo法将孔隙与骨料颗粒随机投放在砂浆基质中,建立透水混凝土试件的细观非均质力学模型,开展透水混凝土试件压缩数值实验.研究结果表明：随着混凝土试件尺寸的增加,透水混凝土的抗压强度降低,存在尺寸效应现象;由于透水混凝土材料高度的非均匀性,其尺寸效应现象比普通混凝土明显.     

从2起典型火灾爆炸事故谈石化企业变更管理

对2起典型炼油、化工安全事故进行分析,指出加强石化企业变更管理的重要性,提出加强变更管理的建议措施。     

教研类实验室环境污染物来源解析及减排策略研究

当前教研类实验室进行教学及科研活动所产生的各类环境污染物,具有种类繁多,数量不定,混合排放,成分复杂,突发性强等显著特点,潜在环境污染问题日益突出。基于上述特点,本文提出了由上至下的综合减缓对策,即环境行政管理部门,教研相关部门,实验室管理人员及使用人员多层面联动,从首末两端同时采取针对性治理或减缓措施,重视污染物产生过程管理,逐步提高教研实验室管理水平和使用效率,为实践教育教学改革提供硬环境保障。