ZnO的制备及其光催化性能

分别采用草酸沉淀法和柠檬酸络合法制备了纤锌矿型ZnO,通过X射线粉末衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对ZnO的结构和形貌进行了表征,并研究了所制备的ZnO对溶液中甲基橙的光催化降解性能.实验结果表明:草酸沉淀法制备的ZnO为小颗粒堆积而成的空心类柱状体,柠檬酸络合法制备的ZnO为小球形颗粒;草酸沉淀法制备的ZnO...     

生活垃圾可持续化填埋

通过对中国填埋场现状分析,提出了"可持续填理"的概念.认为生活垃圾填埋场将从单纯的最终处置场所演变为填埋与中转相结合的场所.填埋场的可持续发展也将从两方面得到体现:一为垃圾降解过程及其副产品处理中以能量形式得到利用,另一方面为稳定化后的垃圾及填埋场本身空间得到再一次的利用.     

长江三峡库区移民道路工程地质环境质量损益经济评价研究

工程地质环境质量损益经济评价,是环境经济学的分支——地质环境经济学的重要组成部分,其核心是将工程与地质环境间相互关系的地学信息转换为易于政府决策部门使用的经济信息,以保证实现人类工程活动与地质环境保护相统一。三峡库区地质环境条件相对恶劣,对道路工程建设不利。因此,移民道路工程能否合理利用和保护地质环境将直接关系到移民道路地质环境质量损益经济评价的提标体系、评价模型等,丰富了地质环境经济学理论。评价结果,阐明了移民道路工程合理开发利用和保护库区地质环境的途径,对库区正在进行的移民活动,具有现实的指导意义。     

硒化氢发生-硒化银溶胶法测定微量硒

人体内微量硒的存在对人的健康至关重要,缺硒会引起一些严重的疾病。本文基于在酸性介质中,用硼氢化钾片将硒离子转变为硒化氢,再以硝酸银-阿拉伯胶溶液吸收显色,形成的硒化银溶胶在紫外区有最大吸收,从而建立了一个测定微量硒的新的分光光度法。此方法的特点是:操作简便快速,有较高的选择性和灵敏度,检出限为0.04Ppm。本方法用于硒酵母、人发、大米和人尿等样品中硒的测定,取得了满意的结果。     

The main and added effects of heat on mortality in 33 Chinese cities from 2007 to 2013

● The main and added effect from heat co-existed in China. ● Both of the main and added effect could increase the mortality risk of population. ● Females, the elderly, the less educated and inland residents were more vulnerable. Increases in ambient temperatures and the frequency of extreme heat events constitute important burdens on global public health. However, evidence on their effects on public health is limited and inconclusive in China. In this study, data on daily deaths recorded in 33 Chinese cities from 2007 to 2013 was used to evaluate the effect of heat on mortality in China. In addition to the definition of a heatwave established by the China Meteorological Administration, we combined four city-specific relative thresholds (90th, 92.5th, 95th, and 97.5th percentiles) of the daily mean temperature during the study period and three durations of ≥ 2, ≥ 3, and ≥ 4 days, from which 13 heatwave definitions were developed. Then, we estimated the main and added effects of heat at the city level using a quasi-Poisson generalized additive model combined with a distributed lag nonlinear model. Next, the estimates for the effects were pooled at the national level using a multivariable meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis was performed according to sex, age, educational attainment, and spatially stratified heterogeneity. The results showed that the mortality risk increased from 22.3% to 37.1% due to the effects of the different heatwave definitions. The added effects were much lower, with the highest increase of 3.9% (95% CI: 1.7%–6.1%) in mortality risk. Females, the elderly, populations with low educational levels, and populations living inland in China were found to be the most vulnerable to the detrimental effects of heat. These findings have important implications for the improvement of early warning systems for heatwaves.     

Sex pheromone of the tea aphid,Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

The tea aphid, Toxoptera aurantii, also called the “black citrus aphid”, is one of the most destructive insect pests in commercial tea plantations and gardens in southern China. In autumn, declining day length triggers production of winged T. aurantii sexuparae, which produce both winged males and wingless oviparae. Oviparous females then release sex pheromone that attracts potential mates. GC–MS analysis of volatile headspace extracts of T. aurantii oviparae revealed that they emit (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone (I) and (1R,4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactol (II) in a ratio of 4.3–4.9:1. Field-trapping experiments with synthetic I and II singly or as two-component blends of different doses and ratios showed significant attraction of T. aurantii males, as well as weak attraction of sexuparae. Identification of the T. aurantii sex pheromone provides a new opportunity for developing a pheromone-based monitoring and management strategy for the sexual phase of tea aphids and, possibly, the alate sexparous generation in late summer and fall.     

Seismic vulnerability assessment of water supply network in Tianjin,China

The water supply network （WSN） system is a critical element of civil infrastructure systems. Its complexity of operation and high number of components mean that all parts of the system cannot be simply assessed. Earthquakes are the most serious natural hazard to a WSN, and seismic risk assessment is essential to identify its vulnerability to different stages of damage and ensure the system safety. In this paper, using a WSN located in the airport area of Tianjin in northern China as a case study, a quantitative vulnerability assessment method was used to assess the damage that the water supply pipelines would suffer in an earthquake, and the finite element software ABAQUS and fuzzy mathematic theory were adopted to construct the assessment method. ABAQUS was applied to simulate the seismic damage to pipe segments and components of the WSN. Membership functions based on fuzzy theory were established to calculate the membership of the components in the system. However, to consider the vulnerability of the whole system, fuzzy cluster analysis was used to distinguish the importance of pipe segments and components. Finally, the vulnerability was quantified by these functions. The proposed methodology aims to assess the performance of WSNs based on pipe vulnerabilities that are simulated and calculated by the model and the mathematical method based on data of damage. In this study, a whole seismic vulnerability assessment method for a WSN was built, and these analyses are expected to provide necessary information for a mitigation plan in an earthquake disaster.     

Screening the emission sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in China by multi-effects evaluation

We develop a multi-effect evaluation method to assess integrated impact of VOCs. Enable policy-makers to identify important emission sources, regions, and key species. Solvent usage and industrial process are the most important anthropogenic sources. Styrene, toluene, ethylene, benzene, and m/p-xylene are key species to be cut. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play important roles in the atmosphere via three main pathways: photochemical ozone formation, secondary organic aerosol production, and direct toxicity to humans. Few studies have integrated these effects to prioritize control measures for VOCs sources. In this study, we developed a multi-effects evaluation methodology based on updated emission inventories and source profiles, by combining the ozone formation potential (OFP), secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP), and VOC toxicity data. We derived species-specific emission inventories for 152 sources. The OFPs, SOAPs, and toxicity of each source were estimated, the contribution and sharing of source to each of these adverse effects were calculated. Weightings were given to the three adverse effects by expert scoring, and then the integrated effect was determined. Taking 2012 as the base year, solvent use and industrial process were found to be the most important anthropogenic sources, accounting for 24.2% and 23.1% of the integrated effect, respectively, followed by biomass burning, transportation, and fossil fuel combustion, each had a similar contribution ranging from 16.7% to 18.6%. The top five industrial sources, including plastic products, rubber products, chemical fiber products, the chemical industry, and oil refining, accounted for nearly 70.0% of industrial emissions. Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Guangdong were the five provinces contributing the largest integrated effects. For the VOC species from emissions showed the largest contributions were styrene, toluene, ethylene, benzene, and m/p-xylene.     

WWF水风险评估工具在中国的应用研究——以长江流域为例

针对中国目前的水资源、水环境的现状以及流域水资源管理、信息统计等特点,将世界自然基金会(WWF)和德国投资与开发有限公司(DEG)提出的水风险评估指标做了本土化调整,建立了适应中国国情的流域水风险评估指标体系.采用5 级5 分制计算每个指标的评分值,对部分指标的权重和计算方法做了调整,并采用综合指数加权求和法计算综合评分值.选取长江流域及其所辖的7 个二级分区进行了水风险评价.结果表明,2010 年长江流域及其二级区的水风险评分值均在1.1~1.8 分之间,风险等级为Ⅱ级,属低风险区;各二级区的风险存在一定的差异,其中,太湖水系和汉江属Ⅱ级区中评分值较高的流域,嘉陵江的评分值最低;不同指标分类对流域水风险的贡献率不同:影响较大的是物理风险,贡献率在45%~60%左右;其次是监管风险,贡献率在21%~32%左右;最小是声誉风险,贡献率在25%以下.最后,结合我国水风险评估过程中出现的新问题,展望了本领域的发展趋势.     

Nitrogen regulation of the climate-carbon feedback: evidence from a long-term global change experiment

Modeling studies have shown that nitrogen (N) strongly regulates ecosystem responses and feedback to climate warming. However, it remains unclear what mechanisms underlie N regulation of ecosystem-climate interactions. To examine N regulation of ecosystem feedback to climate change, we have conducted a warming and clipping experiment since November 1999 in a tallgrass prairie of the Great Plains, USA. Infrared heaters were used to elevate soil temperature by an average of 1.96 degrees C at a depth of 2.5 cm from 2000 to 2008. Yearly biomass clipping mimicked hay or biofuel feedstock harvest. We measured carbon (C) and N concentrations, estimated their content and C:N ratio in plant, root, litter, and soil pools. Warming significantly stimulated C storage in aboveground plant, root, and litter pools by 17%, 38%, and 29%, respectively, averaged over the nine years (all P < 0.05) but did not change soil C content or N content in any pool. Plant C:N ratio and nitrogen use efficiency increased in the warmed plots compared to the control plots, resulting primarily from increased dominance of C4 plants in the community. Clipping significantly decreased C and N storage in plant and litter pools (all P < 0.05) but did not have interactive effects with warming on either C or N pools over the nine years. Our results suggest that increased ecosystem nitrogen use efficiency via a shift in species composition toward C4 dominance rather than plant N uptake is a key mechanism underlying warming stimulation of plant biomass growth.