Quantification of pesticide residues on plastic mulching films in typical farmlands of the North China

• Pesticide residuals on mulching film of Shandong, Tianjin and Hebei. • Detected 29 pesticides in soil and 30 in mulching film. • Pesticides on plastic films: 86.4‒22213.2 ng/g and in soil: 9.3‒535.3 ng/g. • Pesticides on plastic films 20 times higher than in soil. Plastic debris as new pollutants attracts much attention in the recent years. The plastic mulching films is one of the most important plastic debirs source in the environment. The aim of this work was to investigate the current status of pesticide residues on the plastic mulching films. Based on the QuEChERS method, multi-residue methods for detection of pesticide residues with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrum (GC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrum (HPLC-MS) were developed for the analysis of the pesticides residues in plastic film and soil samples from Tianjin, Hebei and Shandong. The total concentrations of pesticide residues were in the range of 86.4‒22213.2 ng/g in plastic film debris, which was about 20 times higher than that in soil (9.3‒535.3 ng/g). Residual level of pesticides varied greatly in different samples. The historical usage and recent application of pesticides were the main sources for pesticide residues on plastic films and soil. In short, plastic mulching films could act as a sink for pesticides in farmland and the ubiquitous pesticide residues on plastic films should draw more attention.     

Pyrolysis characteristics of organic components of municipal solid waste at high heating rates

The pyrolysis characteristics of six representative organic components of municipal solid waste (MSW) and their mixtures were studied in a specially designed thermogravimetric analysis apparatus with a maximum recorded heating rate of 864.8 degrees Cmin(-1). The pyrolysis behavior of individual components was described by the Avrami-Erofeev equation. The influence of final temperature on individual components was studied, and it was concluded that final temperature was a factor in reaction speed and intensity, but that it played only a limited role in determining the reaction mechanism. The interactions between different components were evaluated, and it was concluded that the interaction between homogeneous materials was minimal, whereas the interaction between polyethylene and biomass was significant.     

K+、Ca2+、Mg2+对高盐肝素废水处理的影响

高盐废水的生物处理效率因盐分对活性污泥系统的抑制作用而受到很大的限制。寻求降低盐抑制作用,提高生物处理效率的方法和技术是目前研究的热点。针对SBR工艺处理高盐肝素钠生产废水的活性污泥,从金属离子间的拮抗效应出发,研究了K+、Ca2+和Mg2+3种金属离子对污泥性能的影响。结果表明,K+、Ca2+和Mg2+添加量分别为40、50和150 mg/L时,COD去除率比对照组分别提高了2.8%、8.0%和3.8%,其余添加量下无明显改善;K+、Ca2+和Mg2+添加量分别为100、200和20 mg/L时,氨氮去除率比对照组分别提高了39.8%、9.8%和28.4%,其中Ca2+对氨氮去除效果的改善能力最差,同时在最佳添加量下讨论了这3种金属离子对污泥浓度以及污泥沉降速率的影响。     

四湖地区地下水“三氮”含量及时空分布特征分析

在4次地下水水质监测的基础上,对潜水和浅层承压水的“三氮”含量进行了季节变化和空间差异分析,同时探讨了时空变化的影响因素。分析结果表明：（1）地下水氨氮浓度超标率较高,承压水中浓度明显高于潜水,4次采样结果承压水氨氮浓度超标率均在50% 以上;（2）硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮含量在承压水中能达到良好的标准,在潜水中超标率高;（3）氨氮浓度季节变化明显,9月份浓度显著高于4、6和11月。硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮在潜水中6月份浓度最高,在承压水中季节变化不明显;（4）地下水氨氮含量空间变异性强,浓度较高的多集中在流经洪湖的内荆河两侧区域。研究区地下水水质受气象因素、农业活动、农村生活污染以及氧化还原环境的综合影响     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils along the coastal and estuarine areas of the northern Bohai and Yellow Seas, China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their health risks in surface soils (n?=?31) collected from coastal and estuarine areas of the northern Bohai and Yellow Seas (CEANBYS), China, were investigated. Total concentrations of PAHs ranged from 6.6?×?10¹ to 9.2?×?10²?ng?g^?1 dry weight, with an average of 3.1?×?10²?ng?g^?1 dw. The locations where greater concentrations of PAHs were observed were all near factories emitting black smoke or on the edge of the urban areas. These observations are consistent with concentrations of PAHs in soils being influenced by human activities, especially industrialization and urbanization. Concentrations of PAHs were significantly correlated with concentrations of organic carbon in soils. The patterns of relative concentrations and types of PAHs observed as well as knowledge of the potential sources were consistent with the primary sources of PAHs in soils of the CEANBYS being derived from the pyrolytic processes such as combustion of fossil fuel. The incremental lifetime cancer risks of exposing to PAHs for child, youth, and adult were 1.6?×?10^?6, 1.2?×?10^?6, and 1.9?×?10^?6.     

Regional differences and sources of organochlorine pesticides in soils surrounding chemical industrial parks

Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs; dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB)) were investigated in 105 soil samples collected in vicinity of the chemical industrial parks in Tianjin, China. OCP concentrations significantly varied in the study area, high HCH and DDT levels were found close to the chemical industrial parks. The intensity of agricultural activity and distance from the potential OCP emitters have important influences on the OCP residue distributions. Principal component analysis indicates that HCH pollution is a mix of historical technical HCH and current lindane pollution and DDT pollution input is only due to technical DDT sources. The significant correlations of OCP compounds reveal that HCHs, DDTs and HCB could have some similar sources of origin.     

自燃煤矸石山覆盖材料压缩及压实特性实验

自燃煤矸石山表面构建覆盖层,需要具备一定的低渗透性能以有效阻隔空气,防止煤矸石山内部发生自燃。本研究通过室内实验,测定煤矸石山构建覆盖层涉及的碾压材料包括黄土、粉煤灰及掺有粉煤灰的混合土样的界限含水率、一维压缩特性及压实特性,揭示和分析7种覆盖材料配方的压缩压实特性,表明覆盖材料通过碾压可有效阻隔空气,起到阻燃作用;将粉煤灰掺人到一般黄土材料中,可减缓混合土样击实曲线的陡峭性,从而降低材料在碾压中对含水率的敏感度。实验旨在为进行煤矸石山覆盖层碾压提供科学的实验数据及设计参数。     

包覆型纳米零价铁的制备及其去除水中的活性艳蓝

采用流变相法,以FeSO4.7H2O∶KBH4=1∶2(摩尔比)为固相介质,0.06 g/mL CMC(羧甲基纤维素)水溶液为液相介质,固液比1∶2,反应2 h制备出包覆型纳米零价铁;采用XRD、TEM等手段对合成的纳米零价铁进行表征。探讨不同反应条件对包覆型纳米铁去除活性艳蓝的影响。实验结果表明,初始活性艳蓝(浓度100 mg/L)pH为5,包覆型纳米铁的投加量为6 g/L,反应时间为30 min时,活性艳蓝的去除率可达96%。通过研究机理,其吸附过程符合二级吸附动力学,降解过程符合一级反应动力学。     

典型危险废物的工程力学特性

掌握填埋废物的工程力学特性是确保危险废物填埋堆体稳定性的重要前提条件,因此,针对6种典型危险废物的工程力学特性开展了调查研究.研究结果表明,污泥类危险废物的含水率和有机质含量远高于非污泥类危险废物,而前者的比重则显著低于后者.污泥类危险废物的渗透系数相对较小,比污染土壤和飞灰炉渣混合物的渗透系数小1个数量级,比滤池填料的渗透系数小2个数量级.不同危险废物的无侧限抗压强度排序为:飞灰炉渣混合物(314.3 kPa)和滤池填料(278.9 kPa)＞污染土壤(124.9 kPa)＞杭州氧气厂污泥(68.6 kPa)、锌铬污泥(71.4 kPa)、油泥(58.4 kPa).不同危险废物的粘聚力排序为:飞灰炉渣混合物(40.8 kPa)、滤池填料(31.1 kPa)＞污染土壤(20.9 kPa)＞杭州氧气厂污泥(1.94kPa)、锌铬污泥(3.10 kPa)、油泥(1.81 kPa).此外,不同危险废物的内摩擦角差异相对较小,其变化范围在18.8°～35.0°之间.综合分析可知,飞灰炉渣混合物和滤池填料的工程力学特性较好,而污泥类危险废物的工程力学特性则较差.     

K+对肝素钠废水厌氧生物处理中污泥性能的影响

以肝素钠生产废水为研究对象,研究了不同盐浓度下K+对厌氧污泥性能的影响。实验结果表明:在ρ(NaCl)小于8000mg/L的低盐浓度条件下,K+对污泥的解抑作用不明显;在ρ(NaCl)大于16000mg/L的高盐浓度条件下,K+对污泥表现出解抑作用。ρ(NaCl)为24000mg/L、K+加入量为60mg/L时,COD去除率、产气量和甲烷体积分数相比空白对照组分别提高了17.1%、43.3%和71.8%,氨化率变化不大,均在32%左右。