济南市泉城公园生态环境需水量初步研究

以生态优先原则、兼容性原则、最大值原则和水质为重点的原则,采用生态环境需水量计算法中的直接计算法、功能法及换水周期法,从林地生态需水量、草地生态需水量、人工河湖蒸发需水量、人工河湖净化需水量、生物栖息地需水量、人工河湖渗漏需水量、景观与娱乐需水量和公园内设施用水等八个方面,对济南市泉城公园的生态环境需水量进行了初步研究。结果表明,在2005年气候条件下,济南泉城公园的生态环境需水量大约为1．0467×10^6m^3。在此基础上对提高泉城公园水资源利用价值及节约用水等方面提出了建议。     

《水污染防治法》的发展历程与成就

着眼于我国的水资源保护,以三部《水污染防治法》的适用及其修订为视角,对其发展历程与成就予以回顾,并对我国水资源的保护法律前景进行展望,为我国水资源法制建设进行了探索。     

为什么我不买iPhone

<正>8月份,中国又不出意料地拿下了两项最新世界排名,先是8月16日日本公布的二季度数据表明,今年中国GDP已经铁定超过日本,成为世界第二大经济体;25日,云南华能小湾水电站4号机组投产后,中国水电的装机容量又正式跃居世界第一。排名上升后,中国     

Do land utilization patterns a ect methanotrophic communities in a Chinese upland red soil?

Soil samples were collected from three plots under di erent land utilization patterns including degradation, farming, and restoration. The abundances of methanotrophs were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the pmoA and 16S rRNA genes, and the community fingerprint was analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) aiming at pmoA gene. Significantly lower 16S rRNA and pmoA genes copies were found in the degradation treatment than in farming and restoration. Higher abundances of Type I than those of Type II methanotrophs were detected in all treatments. The treatment of farming was clearly separated from degradation and restoration according to the DGGE profile by cluster analysis. The lowest diversity indices were observed in the F (farming plot), suggesting that the community structure was strongly a ected by farming activities. There were significantly positive correlations between the copy numbers of pmoA also Type II-related 16S rRNA genes and soil available K content. Strong negative and positive correlations were found between Type I and soil pH, and available P content, respectively. We concluded that the vegetation cover or not, soil characteristics including pH and nutrients of P and K as a result of anthropogenic disturbance may be key factors a ecting methanotrophic communities in upland soil.     

温度对好氧颗粒污泥吸附铅离子的影响

由活性污泥培养得到好氧颗粒污泥,研究了温度对好氧颗粒污泥吸附Pb²⁺的影响.结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥主要含有C、H、N、O、P等元素,其经验结构式为C_5.7H_10.9O3.9NS_0.04.好氧颗粒污泥表面主要由球状细菌组成,具有明显的孔隙结构.在20～40℃时,Pb²⁺在好氧颗粒污泥上的吸附过程可以由Langmuir和Freundlich等温方程进行拟合（R²>0.914）.Pb2+最大吸附量Qmax由80.65 mg·g-1（20℃）增至97.09　mg·g-1（40℃）.吸附过程的表观自由能变ΔG<0、 ΔH>0、 ΔS>0,表明Pb2+在好氧颗粒污泥表面的吸附为吸热、熵增的自发过程.红外扫描分析(FTIR)结果表明,吸附过程Pb2+主要与—OH、蛋白质中的—COOH以及PO发生作用,与含氮官能团无关.     

加速吉林省国界河流网络环境监测站标准化建设的建议

本文通过对吉林省国界河流水质状况分析,对其网络环境监测站的监测能力、监测设备等基本情况进行了调查,提出了加速基层网络环境监测站的标准化建设的建议。     

海水中痕量元素测定及其在重金属污染源判别方面的应用

利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)研究了胶州湾及莱州湾这两个海域中痕量元素污染水平,发展了ICP-MS海水环境中痕量元素的测定方法,同时找出海水环境中具有保守性的数种元素作为污染示踪元素.达到对于海水环境中痕量污染物被动示踪的目的.对18个真实样品进行了识别率试验,识别率可达90%以上,在选取3个海水样品及1个河水样品混合后的模拟分担率实验,也取得了满意的结果,其误差平均值仅有1.17%.     

生产安全领域科研项目成果评价指标与评价方法研究*

为了更全面、更准确地开展生产安全领域科研项目成果的评价工作,以国家对科技成果评价的相关法规与标准为指引,结合生产安全领域科研项目成果的自身特点,基于德尔菲法从“学术与技术水平”、“成果效益”和“成果影响”3个方面构建相应的多层次评价指标体系;结合生产安全领域科研项目成果特点,提出综合采用同行评议法、多维指数评价法、层次分析法、模糊综合评价法和科学计量法的评价方法选择思路,并以Yaahp作为评价方法的配套工具进行实际应用。研究结果可为生产安全领域相关科研项目成果的评价工作提供一套从指标体系到评价方法,从评价方法到评价工具的整体解决方案。     

考虑驾驶员反应时间的车辆碰撞预警模型

为了保证车辆在行驶过程中的安全性,提出了一种考虑驾驶员反应时间的车辆碰撞预警模型,改进了传统模型中驾驶员反应时间定值化的缺点。首先,依据车辆的制动过程分析了驾驶员反应时间对制动距离的影响。其次,设计驾驶员反应时间的模糊推理算法,选取驾龄、疲劳强度和应变能力3个主要因素作为评价指标来计算反应时间。最后,采用分等级的预警策略建立考虑驾驶员反应时间的碰撞预警模型,并通过Carsim-Matlab/Simulink联合仿真与传统模型进行对比分析。结果表明,设计的预警模型可以对不同类型的驾驶员进行差异化碰撞预警,在30 km/h和80 km/h两种车速下实际停车距离与理论值的最大误差为8%。     

Error Assessment for Height Above the Nearest Drainage Inundation Mapping

Real‐time flood inundation mapping is vital for emergency response to help protect life and property. Inundation mapping transforms rainfall forecasts into meaningful spatial information that can be utilized before, during, and after disasters. While inundation mapping has traditionally been conducted on a local scale, automated algorithms using topography data can be utilized to efficiently produce flood maps across the continental scale. The Height Above the Nearest Drainage method can be used in conjunction with synthetic rating curves (SRCs) to produce inundation maps, but the performance of these inundation maps needs to be assessed. Here we assess the accuracy of the SRCs and calculate statistics for comparing the SRCs to rating curves obtained from hydrodynamic models calibrated against observed stage heights. We find SRCs are accurate enough for large‐scale approximate inundation mapping while not as accurate when assessing individual reaches or cross sections. We investigate the effect of terrain and channel characteristics and observe reach length and slope predict divergence between the two types of rating curves, and SRCs perform poorly for short reaches with extreme slope values. We propose an approach to recalculate the slope in Manning’s equation as the weighted average over a minimum distance and assess accuracy for a range of moving window lengths.