A2O氧化沟缺氧区三维流场模拟及结构形式优化

以FLUENT软件为工具,选用三维RNG k-ε紊流数学模型对重庆井口污水厂A²O氧化沟缺氧区内的流场进行模拟,分析了缺氧区内流场分布不均匀及沉泥的原因,提出了水下推进器的合理设置位置与导流墙的合理设置方式,并对优化后的缺氧区进行了模拟计算。通过优化后模拟的结果可见,在相同的功率密度下,缺氧区内的流场得到了较均匀的分布,流速从原来的0.131 m/s提升到0.204 m/s,减少了能量的损失。底部的流速也从原来的0.140 m/s提升到0.226 m/s,有效的防止或减少了沟中的污泥沉积。优化的结果对实际工程的设计也有一定的指导意义。     

Application of a novel cold activated carbon fiber-solid phase microextraction for analysis of organochlorine pesticides in soil

A novel and simple analytical procedure using cold activated carbon fiber-solid phase microextraction (CACF-SPME) was applied to determine organochlorine pesticides (OCs) in soil samples. The pesticides in this study consist of alpha -, beta -, gamma -, and delta -hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH). By heating the sample while cooling the fiber, the developed method not only provides better performance in terms of sensitivity, linearity and recovery but also offers shorter adsorption procedure than that of traditional headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The experimental conditions such as the amount of water, adsorption time and adsorption temperature were optimized. Matrix effects were investigated with different types of soils. We concluded that using the standard addition method was required for quantification purposes. The limits of detection obtained using the proposed method range from 0.01 to 0.05 ng/g, and the recoveries for CACF-SPME are in the range of 80.01% to 89.68% with relative standard deviation (RSDs) better than 8.60%. The proposed method was further applied to determine OCs in real agricultural soil. The results are in good agreement with those obtained using traditional ultrasonic extraction. The research demonstrates the suitability of the CACF-SPME for the analysis of OCs in soil.     

磷酸微波活化多孔生物质炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附特性简

以甘蔗渣为原料,采用微波辅助H₃PO₄活化法制备富含含氧酸官能团的中孔生物质炭。通过扫描电子显微镜SEM、傅立叶变换红外光谱FT-IR等技术对生物质炭物理化学性质进行表征,并通过静态实验法,探讨炭样对亚甲基蓝的吸附行为及热力学性质。结果表明,H₃PO₄活化制备蔗渣生物质炭的适宜条件为浸渍比1：1,烘干时间10 h,活化功率900 W,活化时间22 min,在此条件下制得的生物质炭得率为39.2%,碘值为817 mg/g,亚甲基蓝值为229 mg/g,为国家一级品标准的1.7倍。红外光谱分析表明,炭样表面以羟基、羰基、羧基等酸性官能团为主。静态吸附实验表明,Freundlich方程与Redlich-Peterson方程能较好地描述等温吸附行为,表现为优惠吸附。热力学研究表明,吸附吉布斯自由能（ΔG⁰）<0,说明吸附反应是自发过程,而吸附标准焓变（ΔH⁰）>70 KJ/mol,表明亚甲基蓝在制备炭样上的吸附是吸热反应,升温有利于吸附,且化学反应在吸附过程中发挥了重要作用。     

微波活化中孔酸性生物质炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附行为与机理

以甘蔗渣为原料,采用微波辅助磷酸活化法制备了同时富含中孔结构和含氧酸官能团的生物质炭,以氮气吸附、红外光谱FT-IR等技术对炭样品表面物化性质进行了表征,通过静态实验法测定了生物质炭对水中亚甲基蓝的吸附特性,分析了溶液pH、初始浓度、温度对吸附的影响,研究了不同pH下蔗渣生物质炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附行为,并从热力学及动力学角度探讨了生物质炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附机理。结果表明,不同制备参数下生物质炭的得率均大于39.2%,但表面物化性质因参数变化有较大差异。在浸渍比1∶1,烘干时间10 h,活化功率900 W,活化时间22 min的条件下,制得的生物质炭的比表面积为1 021 m2/g,亚甲基蓝值超过国家一级品标准1.70倍,表面富含微中孔结构和羟基、羰基、羧基等酸性官能团,中孔约占总孔的40%。静态吸附实验表明,溶液初始浓度对吸附有较大的影响,吸附量随初始浓度的增加,pH的升高及温度的上升而增大,Freundlich方程、Redlich-Peterson方程与Temkin方程能较好地描述等温吸附行为;吸附动力学结果表明,数据符合Elovich方程,吸附行为更倾向于化学吸附;热力学研究表明,吸附吉布斯自由能(ΔG0)0,吸附标准焓变(ΔH0)70 kJ/mol,说明该吸附为自发的吸热反应,且化学反应在吸附过程中发挥了重要作用。     

Fractionation and ecological risk of metals in urban river sediments in Zhongshan City, Pearl River Delta

Surface sediments collected from nine urban rivers located in Zhongshan City, Pearl River Delta, were analyzed for total concentration of metals with digestion and chemical fractionation adopting the modified European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure. The results showed that concentration and fractionation of metals varied significantly among the rivers. The total concentration of eight metals in most rivers did not exceed the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soil, Grade III. The potential ecological risk of metals to rivers were related to the land use patterns, in the order of manufacturing areas > residential areas > agriculture areas. The concentration of Pb in the reducible fraction was relatively high (60.0-84.3%). The dominant proportions of Cd, Zn and Cu were primary in the non-residual fraction (67.0%, 71.8% and 81.4% on average respectively), while the percentages of the residual fractions of Cr and Ni varied over a wide range (43-85% and 24-71% respectively). The approaches of the H?kanson ecological risk index and Secondary Phase Enrichment Factor were applied for ecological risk assessment and metal enrichment calculation. The results indicated Hg and Cd had posed high potential ecological risk to urban rivers in this region. Meanwhile, there was widespread pollution and high enrichment of Cu in river sediments in this region. Multiple regression analysis showed that five water quality parameters (pH, DO, COD(Mn), NH(4)(+)-N, TP) had little influence on the distribution of metal fractionation. This result revealed that the ecological risk of metals was not eliminated along with the improvement in water quality. Correlation studies showed that among the metals, Group A (Cd, As, Pb, Zn Hg, r = 0.730-0.924) and Group B (Cr, Cu, Ni, r = 0.815-0.948) were obtained, and the metal contaminations were from industrial activities rather than residential.     

云南墨江金矿床成矿作用探讨

云南墨江金矿床位于“三江”褶皱带哀牢山板块结合带北段的墨江 -九甲断裂带中。矿体分布于金厂超基性岩体西侧的金厂组烂山段含火山物质的硅质岩、变余粉砂岩和板岩中 ,矿体由含金石英脉、含金硅质岩组成 ,金矿体受层位和岩性控制。在矿区还分布晚于金矿化形成的镍矿体。金镍矿体共同存在于同一矿区 ,矿区围岩蚀变种类多 ,与金矿化有关的围岩蚀变主要有硅化、黄铁矿化等。矿体的空间分布与穿插关系表明 ,金成矿作用开始于晚三叠世以前。含金硅质岩具有沉积作用形成的地质特征 ,其稀土元素、氧、硅同位素地球化学特征与热水沉积作用形成的硅质岩一致 ;含金石英脉的矿物组成、结构和构造特征、稀土元素、硅同位素、微量元素组成与含金硅质岩相似 ,可能与硅质岩具有相似物质来源或形成作用。金矿石中金与镍、铬等元素的相关性很低。推断金矿床成矿作用可能开始于中石炭世含金硅质岩的热水沉积作用 ,在早三叠世以前 ,成矿热液通过充填和交代作用在硅质岩和上部的岩石中形成含金石英脉。后来的区域变质作用、超基性岩自变质作用及镍矿化作用可能使金矿体的金含量提高 ,但没有产生具有工业意义的独立金矿化。     

Novel chitosan–ethylene glycol hydrogel for the removal of aqueous perfluorooctanoic acid

It is urgent to explore an effective removal method for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) due to its recalcitrant nature. In this study, a novel chitosan-based hydrogel (CEGH) was prepared with a simple method using chitosan and ethylene glycol through a repeated freezing–thawing procedure. The adsorption of PFOA anions to CEGH agreed well to the Freundlich–Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity as high as 1275.9?mg/g, which is higher than reported values of most adsorbents for PFOA. The adsorption was influenced by experimental conditions. Experimental results showed that the main removal mechanism was the ionic hydrogen bond interaction between carbonyl groups (COO^?) of PFOA and protonated amine (NH⁺) of the CEGH adsorbent. Therefore, CEGH is a very attractive adsorbent that can be used to remove PFOA from water in the future.     

季节性温差变化对非控温PN-Anammox工艺稳定脱氮的影响

采用具有自回流的分区式部分亚硝化(PN)和厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)耦合工艺,利用季节性温度的变化,研究了逐步降温对耦合工艺整体脱氮效能及各区域氮素转化能力的影响.结果表明,当温度由35℃降低到25℃时,因厌氧区Anammox的氮去除速率由18 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)下降到9 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1),导致耦合工艺的整体氮去除速率大幅度下降,由1 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)下降到0.5 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1).当温度降低到20℃时,联合工艺的脱氮速率下降趋势趋于缓慢,但好氧区的NO~-_2-N生成速率开始明显下降,由0.9 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1)下降到0.2 kg·m~(-3)·d~(-1).同时,亚硝化菌(AOB)的优势生长被打破,硝化菌(NOB)开始大量增长,出水NO~-_3-N浓度迅速增大.运用Arrhenius公式对联合工艺总氮去除速率及各个区域氮转化速率与温度的关系进行非线性拟合,发现厌氧区Anammox的氮去除速率的温度特征系数比好氧区NO~-_2生成速率的温度特征系数大,表明温度对PN-Anammox工艺的Anammox的效能影响更大.     

Copper stimulates the incidence of antibiotic resistance, metal resistance and potential pathogens in the gut of black soldier fly larvae

The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have been successfully applied to treat various organic wastes. However, the impacts of heavy metals on antibiotic resistance in the BSFL guts are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of copper (exposure concentrations of 0, 100 and 800 mg/kg) on the antibiotic and metal resistance profiles in BSFL guts. A total of 83 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), 18 mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and 6 metal resistance genes (MRGs) were observed in larval gut samples. Exposure to Cu remarkably reduced the diversity of ARGs and MGEs, but significantly enhanced the abundances of gut-associated ARGs and MRGs. The levels of MRGs copA, czcA and pbrT were dramatically strengthened after Cu exposure as compared with CK (increased by 2.8–13.5 times). Genera Enterococcus acted as the most predominant potential host of multiple ARG, MGE and MRG subtypes. Meanwhile, high exposure to Cu aggravated the enrichment of potential pathogens in BSFL guts, especially for Escherichia, Enterococcus and Salmonella species. The mantel test and procrustes analysis revealed that the gut microbial communities could be a key determinant for antibiotic and metal resistance. However, no significant positive links were observed between MGEs and ARGs or MRGs, possibly suggesting that MGEs did not play a crucial role in shaping the ARGs or MRGs in BSFL guts under the stress of Cu. These findings extend our understanding on the impact of heavy metals on the gut-associated antibiotic and metal resistome of BSFL.     

几种常见非国标法颗粒物切割器性能评价及问题分析

通过搭建基于静态箱法的切割器捕集效率评价系统,分别评价了几种常见国产非国标法颗粒物切割器的性能.结果表明,2~3 L·min^-1的小流量国产切割器的D_a50在2.5 μm附近,但曲线形状与标准形状差异较大,几何标准偏差不符合要求;可调流量国产切割器符合国家标准对PM_2.5切割器的性能要求,但不符合对PM₁₀切割器的性能要求;带切换阀切割器的切换阀如果未能完全切换到预定位置,会影响切割器的性能指标.通过与同类型的进口切割器对比,揭示了国产非国标法颗粒物切割器目前存在的问题较多,并对其提出了改进建议,如提高切割器的加工精度、优化切换阀控制准确度等.