考虑车辆类型变化的中国乘用车排放特征

通过引入Lotka-Volterra模型预测了中国未来30年的乘用车竞争趋势;通过引入CHG、VOC、CO、SO₂、PM_2.5、NO_x6类污染物更新了全生命周期清单;并据此建立了政策影响模型和敏感性模型评估电动化、轻量化和清洁化政策情景减排效果.结果表明,乘用车市场的主要竞争力来源于新能源与传统能源的竞争,且纯电动与混合动力乘用车呈S型曲线发展,汽油乘用车占比由92%减少到1%;全生命周期中,纯电动乘用车对CHG、VOC、CO减排效益最优,为20%~85%;汽油与天然气乘用车对SO₂和PM_2.5的减排效益最优,为50.0%;3类情景下税收补贴类政策敏感性最强,CHG、VOC和CO的最优减排情景为电气化情景,PM_2.5、NO_x的最优减排情景为清洁化情景,而SO₂的最优减排情景则为整车轻量化.     

Influence of drying and calcination temperatures for Ce-Cu-Al trimetallic composite catalyst on simultaneous removal H2S and PH3: Experimental and DFT studies

This work explored the influences of the drying and calcination temperatures on a Ce-Cu-Al trimetallic composite catalyst for the simultaneous removal of H₂S and PH₃. The effects of both temperatures on the structural features and activity were examined. The density functional theory method was used to calculate adsorption energies and further analyze their adsorption behavior on different slabs. Experiments revealed suitable drying and calcination temperatures to be 60 and 500°C, respectively. The capacity reached 323.8 and 288.1 mg/g. Adjusting drying temperature to 60°C is more inclined to form larger and structured grains of CuO. Rising calcinating temperature to 500°C could increase the grain size and redox capacity of CuO to promote performance. Higher temperatures would destroy the surface structure and lead to a crystal phase transformation, which was that the CuO and Al₂O₃ were gradually recombined into CuAl₂O₄ with a spinel structure. The exposed crystal planes of surficial CuO and CuAl₂O₄ were determined according to characterization results. Calculation results showed that, compared with CuO (111), H₂S and PH₃ have weaker adsorption strength on CuAl₂O₄ (100) which is not conducive to their adsorption and removal.     

燃烧生成棕色碳的三维荧光光谱分析

模拟燃烧11 种常见物质(秸杆、木材、煤和生活垃圾等),并收集烟气中可溶于甲醇的有机产物,利用紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)和三维荧光光谱(EEMs)对收集的甲醇可溶性有机物(MSOM)进行表征.进一步,结合非负矩阵分解法(NMF)提取三维荧光光谱主要组分的特征激发/发射光谱,根据荧光信号轮廓差异对不同种类物质进行区分,旨在建立棕色碳溯源依据.结果显示,秸杆和木材燃烧源棕色碳在紫外-可见吸收光谱上呈现相似的谱形,均在265nm处存在肩峰;瓦楞纸板和塑料燃烧源棕色碳的吸收则随波长增加单一下降.由于基本组分相同,各生物质及纸板对应的棕色碳的EEM有着相似的轮廓,NMF解析结果表明,生物质和纸板的MSOM存在3种主要荧光组分,分别为两种类腐殖质C1、C2和类蛋白质C3;煤的EEM在长波处有较强的分布,可归因于芳香类基团,由其EEM分解出M1、M2和M3荧光团,三者位置均较生物质红移.根据荧光团位置以及光谱信号轮廓特征,可对生物质和煤进行区分;泡沫、塑料袋和塑料瓶属于有机高分子材料,其EEM与生物质有较大的差别,且三者之间也存在差异,泡沫和塑料袋的MSOM含有4种荧光成分,而从塑料瓶的MSOM中只可得到两种荧光团,特征明显.     

Comparative lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions and their reduction potential for typical petrochemical enterprises in China

Petrochemical enterprises have become a major source of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Yet, due to the unavailability of basic data, there is still a lack of case studies to quantify GHG emissions and provide petrochemical enterprises with guidelines for implementing energy conservation and emission reduction strategies. Therefore, this study conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis to estimate the GHG emissions of four typical petrochemical enterprises in China, using first-hand data, to determine possible emission reduction measures. The analytical data revealed that Dushanzi Petrochemical (DSP) has the highest GHG emission intensity (1.17 tons CO₂e/ton), followed by Urumqi Petrochemical (UP) (1.08 tons CO₂e/ton), Dalian Petrochemical (DLP) (average 0.58 tons CO₂e/ton) and Karamay Petrochemical (KP) (average 0.50 tons CO₂e/ton) over the whole life cycle. At the same time, GHG emissions during fossil fuel combustion were the largest contributor to the whole life cycle, accounting for about 77.31%–94.27% of the total emissions. In the fossil-fuel combustion phase, DSP had the highest unit GHG emissions (1.20 tons CO₂e), followed by UP (0.89 tons CO₂e). In the industrial production phase, DLP had the highest unit GHG emissions (average 0.13 tons CO₂e/ton), followed by UP (0.10 tons CO₂e/ton). During the torch burning phase, torch burning under accident conditions was the main source of GHG emissions. It is worth noting that the CO₂ recovery stage has "negative value," indicating that it will bring some environmental benefits. Further scenario analysis shows that effective policies and advanced technologies can further reduce GHG emissions.     

Occurrence and distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in the sediments of the East China Sea bays

The coastal area of the East China Sea has experienced rapid urbanization and industrialization in China since 1980 s, resulting in severe pollution of its environments.Antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) are regarded as a kind of emerging pollutant with potential high risk. The sediment samples were collected from Hangzhou Bay(HB),Xiangshan Bay(XB), and Taizhou Bay(TB) to investigate the spatial occurrence and distribution of 27 ARGs and class I integron–integrase gene(intI1) in the coastal area of the East China Sea. The PCR results showed the frequent presence of 11 ARGs and intI1 in the sediments of the three bays. The qPCR results further showed that sulfonamide resistance was the most prevalent ARG type and antibiotic target replacement and protection were the most important resistance mechanisms in the sediments. Regarding the subtype of ARGs, sulI, tetW, and dfrA13 were the most abundant ARGs, in which sulI was higher in TB(based on both the absolute and relative abundances) and dfrA13 was higher in HB(based on the relative abundances). The network analysis revealed that intI1 had significant correlations with tetC, sulI, sulII, and blaPSE-1. Oil was the key connected factor, which had positive connections with sulI, sulII, and blaPSE-1. In addition, the joint effect of heavy metals and nutrients organic pollutants might be crucial for the fate of ARGs in the coastal sediments.     

Monitoring biofouling based on aerobic respiration in reverse osmosis system

A monitoring method of biofouling in reverse osmosis (RO) system was proposed based on the fluorescent signal of resorufin, which is reduced by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide released from viable cells during aerobic respiration. The fluorescent signal of resorufin reduced by planktonic cells and microorganisms of biofilm showed linearity, indicating its feasibility to monitor biofouling in a RO system. For the application of the method to the lab-scale RO system, the injection concentration of resazurin and the injection flow rate were optimized. Biofilm on RO membranes continuously operated in a lab-scale RO system was estimated by resorufin fluorescence under optimized detection condition. As a result, resorufin fluorescence on RO membrane showed a significant increase in which the permeability of RO system decreased by 30.48%. Moreover, it represented the development of biofilm as much as conventional biofilm parameters such as adenosine triphosphate, extracellular polymeric substances, and biofilm thickness. The proposed method could be used as a sensitive and low-cost technology to monitor biofouling without autopsy of membranes.     

Understanding the electrode reaction process of dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol over Ni/Fe nanoparticles: Effect of pH and 2,4-dichlorophenol concentration

Herein,with the exploitation of iron and nickel electrodes,the 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)dechlorinating processes at the anode and cathode,respectively,were separately studied via various electrochemical techniques(e.g.,Tafel polarization,linear polarization,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy).With this in mind,Ni/Fe nanoparticles were prepared by chemical solution deposition,and utilized to test the dechlorination activities of 2,4-DCP over a bimetallic system.For the iron anode,the results showed that higher 2,4-DCP concentration and solution acidity aggravated the corrosion within the electrode.The charge transfer resistance(R_(ct))values of the iron electrode were 703,473,444,and 437Ω·cm~2 for the initial 2,4-DCP concentrations of0,20,50,and 80 mg/L,respectively.When the bulk pH of the 2,4-DCP solution varied from 3.0,5.0to 7.0,the corresponding R_(ct) values were 315,376,and 444Ω·cm~2,respectively.For the nickel cathode,the reduction current densities on the electrode at-0.75 V(vs.saturated calomel electrode)were 80,106,and 111μA/cm~2,for initial 2,4-DCP concentrations of 40,80,and125 mg/L.The dechlorination experiments demonstrated that when the initial pH of the solution was 7.0,5.0,and 3.0,the dechlorination percentage of 2,4-DCP by Ni/Fe nanoparticles was 62%,69%,and 74%,respectively,which was in line with the electrochemical experiments.10 wt.%Ni loading into Ni/Fe bimetal was affordable and gave a good dechlorination efficiency of 2,4-DCP,and fortunately the Ni/Fe nanoparticles remained comparatively stable in the dechlorination processes at pH 3.0.     

多级串联表面流库塘-湿地净化农田径流效果评价

农田径流已成为湖泊流域非点源污染治理的主要制约因素.为研究多级串联表面流库塘-湿地中各级表面流湿地对洱海流域农田径流水体的净化效果,以大理市喜洲镇美坝村新建的多级串联表面流库塘-湿地为研究对象,跟踪监测其各级表面流湿地进、出水中ρ（TN）、ρ（NO₃--N）和ρ（TP）,分析水质净化效果及营养盐质量浓度沿程变化规律.结果表明:①多级串联表面流库塘-湿地出水ρ（TN）、ρ（NO₃--N）和ρ（TP）平均值分别为1.77、1.18和0.05 mg/L,低于GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中Ⅴ类标准限值,TN、NO₃--N和TP去除率分别为57.75%、65.54%和67.43%.②农田径流在经过沉淀池、一级和二级表面流湿地后,对TN、NO₃--N和TP的去除率已分别达45.35%、52.21%和50.59%,且二级表面流湿地中出水ρ（TN）、ρ（NO₃--N）和ρ（TP）分别为2.36、1.69和0.06 mg/L,已达到较好的出水水质.③氮、磷营养盐质量浓度沿程削减模型拟合结果表明,指数削减模型较适宜表征TN、NO₃--N在多级串联表面流库塘-湿地中的沿程削减过程,而TP的最佳削减模型为线性削减模型.研究显示,多级串联表面流库塘-湿地对农田径流具有较好的净化效果,其对营养盐净化作用主要体现在前两级表面流湿地.      

Facile synthesis of graphitic carbon-nitride supported antimony-doped tin oxide nanocomposite and its application for the adsorption of volatile organic compounds

Antimony-doped tin oxide(ATO) nanoparticles with an average size of ～ 6 nm were prepared by co-precipitation and subsequent heat treatment. Graphitic carbon nitride(g-CN)/ATO hybrid nanocomposite was designed by the combination of thermally synthesized g-CN and ATO nanoparticles by ultrasonication. The materials were characterized using N2 adsorption/desorption(BET), X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS), transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR). A mixture of five volatile organic compounds(VOCs, chloroform, benzene, toluene, xylene and styrene) was used to compare the adsorption capacity of the samples. The adsorption capacity of ATO nanoparticles was improved by the addition of g-CN. Experimental data showed that, among the five VOCs,chloroform was the least adsorbed, regardless of the samples. The g-CN/ATO showed nearly three times greater adsorption capacity for the VOC mixture than pure ATO. The unchanged efficiency of VOC adsorption during cyclic use demonstrated the completely reversible adsorption and desorption behavior of the nanocomposite at room conditions. This economically and environmentally friendly material can be a practical solution for outdoor and indoor VOC removal.