基于层次分析法的中原经济区流域水系统健康评价

为了在水资源与水环境双重制约下制订人水和谐发展的政策提供决策支持,以我国中原经济区这一重点开发区域为例,基于层次分析法构建了以水系统自然条件、水系统服务功能及人类活动影响三要素(共计20项指标)为基础的流域水系统健康评价体系,并以2011年作为评价年,将中原经济区的水资源二级区作为基本流域单元对水系统健康状况进行评价. 结果表明:中原经济区9个水资源二级区中,除了淮河上游水资源二级区(3.20分,完全健康状态为5.00分)为基本健康状态、汉江水资源二级区(2.77分)和三门峡至花园口水资源二级区(2.18分)为亚健康状态以外,其余水资源二级区(0.55~1.77分)均为不健康及极不健康状态. 分析显示,人类活动影响是影响中原经济区内各流域水系统健康状况的主要原因,人口众多、工农业开发活动强度大使得其对水资源需求巨大. 部分水资源二级区对地下水资源依赖程度较高,造成不同程度的地下水超采现象. 伴随着高强度水资源利用的是水污染物的高强度排放,部分河流水污染状况严重,甚至在局部地区造成了地下水污染. 这种不健康的状态在中原经济区内由南向北随着水系统自然条件和水系统服务功能的降低呈加重趋势.      

2007—2014年北京地区PM2.5质量浓度变化特征

为更好地解析北京地区ρ(PM_2.5)的长期变化特征及气流轨迹聚类分析结果,对2007年8月—2014年7月在中国环境科学研究院实测的ρ(PM_2.5)数据进行了统计分析,分析其年际、季节和月际变化特征;通过计算PM_2.5的AQI分指数,分析了污染等级的时间变化特征;结合后向气流轨迹,对ρ(PM_2.5)年际、季节变化与气团来源的关系进行了分析.结果表明:北京地区2008—2013年ρ(PM_2.5)年均值分别为111.5、95.8、94.8、80.5、75.2、81.3 μg/m3,整体呈逐年下降趋势,但污染水平依然较高;ρ(PM_2.5)由高到低的季节次序为秋季、冬季、春季、夏季,平均值分别为111.6、94.8、77.2、70.5 μg/m3,PM_2.5重污染时段主要出现在秋冬季节,并且冬季ρ(PM_2.5)近年来逐渐呈上升趋势;ρ(PM_2.5)月均值呈单峰型变化,11月最高(为125.3 μg/m3),7月最低(为76.4 μg/m3);轨迹聚类分析发现,途经山西省北部和河北省南部的气流轨迹中ρ(PM_2.5)较高,而来自北方及西北方向的气团相对较清洁,ρ(PM_2.5)较低.北京地区近些年实施的大气污染减排措施对于控制PM_2.5污染取得了一定效果,但针对秋冬季节重污染过程的控制力度仍需要加强,同时也要注意区域污染传输对北京地区ρ(PM_2.5)的影响.      

InVEST模型对锡林郭勒草原碳储量研究的适用性分析

锡林郭勒草原是我国四大草原之一,也是内蒙古主要的天然草场。近年来,在各种因素影响下,锡林郭勒草原区生态系统发生重大变化,导致草原区碳储量也发生改变。本文尝试应用In VEST模型中的碳储量模块对2013年锡林郭勒草原碳储量进行研究,从而探究In VEST模型在碳储量研究中的适用性。结果表明:(1)锡林郭勒草原各草地类型的地下碳储量明显多于地上碳储量;(2)草甸草原碳储量典型草原碳储量荒漠草原碳储量;(3)应用In VEST模型计算不同草地类型地上和地下碳储量,草甸草原分别为196.7 g?m~(-2)和1385.2 g?m~(~(-2));典型草原的分别为133.4 g?m~(-2)和688.9 g?m~(-2);荒漠草原的分别为56.6 g?m~(-2)和301 g?m~(-2)。应用In VEST模型计算出来的碳储量值与前人采用实地采样得出的结果基本一致,所以In VEST模型对于草原区碳储量的研究具有一定的适用性。     

废弃物焚烧行业二噁英废气排放因子修正研究

二噁英是一类含氧芳香族化合物,具有生物毒性,被称为“世纪之毒”.文章简述了二噁英污染源企业及主要排放源,重点介绍了废弃物焚烧行业二噁英排放现状与历年排放趋势,根据2012年-2014年实际监测数据计算了二噁英废气排放因子,并进行了修正.修正结果显示,近年来废弃物焚烧企业落实规范化管理和污染治理设施改造的推进使得修正排放因子远低于原排放因子,在此基础上提出了废弃物焚烧行业二噁英排放控制建议.     

医药建设项目环境管理与监测计划探究

论述了医药建设项目环境影响的特点及制定环境管理与监测计划的必要性,指出了在医药类建设项目制定环境管理与监测计划过程中应重视的问题,结合实例,介绍了环境管理与监测计划的框架,完善环境管理及监测机构设置、人员的职责、制定环境保护制度、企业正常生产运行排污和非正常工况及事故污染状况下的具体监测内容,使环境管理与监测计划具有较强可操作性,更好地服务于环保管理工作.     

Impact of urban water supply on energy use in China: a provincial and national comparison

To reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and help mitigate climate change, urban water systems need to be adapted so that electrical energy use is minimised. In this study, energy data from 2011 was used to quantify energy use in China’s urban water supply sector. The objective was to calculate the energy co-benefits of urban water conservation policies and compare energy use between China and other countries. The study investigated influencing factors with the aim of informing the development of energy efficient urban water infrastructure. The average energy use per cubic metre and per capita for urban water supply in China in 2011 was 0.29 kWh/m³ and 33.2 kWh/cap year, respectively. Total GHG emissions associated with energy use in the urban water supply sector were 7.63 MtCO₂e, or carbon dioxide equivalent. Calculations using these indicators showed significant energy savings could result from water conservation measures. A comparison between provinces of China showed a direct correlation between energy intensity of urban water supply and the population served per unit length of pipe. This may imply energy and emission intensity can be reduced if more densely populated areas are supplied by a corresponding pipe density, rather than by a low-density network operating at higher flow rates. This study also found that while the percentage of electrical energy used for urban water supply tended to increase with the percentage of population served, this increase was slower where water supply was more energy efficient and where a larger percentage of population was already supplied.     

海水环境生物腐蚀污损与防护

以海水环境生物腐蚀污损与防护为中心,就国内外与其相关的报道进行综述分析,并提出建议。首先,分析污损生物的分布与特征,得出污损生物群落的组成和结构对海域、季节、水深、工程结构类型等的依赖性,突出海水环境生物腐蚀污损的复杂性。然后,解析生物附着污损对海水环境腐蚀速率的影响,突出附着生物是导致金属材料腐蚀速率增大的重要因子。再次,介绍海水环境生物腐蚀污损防护技术的现状,分析主要防护技术的优缺点,并展示其在不同行业的联用。最后,提出对海水环境生物腐蚀污损研究工作的建议,包括建立各海域的生物腐蚀污损数据库、大力研制发展绿色生物腐蚀污损控制技术、加强对海洋生物腐蚀污损基础性研究工作的投入、尽快建立海洋生物腐蚀评价标准和规范等。     

岷江下游五通桥段小型集水区大气降水中pH值对重金属含量的影响

为了解岷江下游大气降水中pH值及其重金属含量特征及污染状况,以五通桥段小型集水区为研究对象,分析了年降雨量、降水pH值和降水中的重金属含量季节变化,探讨了pH值与重金属之间的关系,并利用相关分析和聚类分析对大气降水中重金属来源进行了初步解析.结果表明:五通桥集水区年总降雨量为1199.42 mm,pH平均值为5.37,年降雨中42.86%为酸雨,3.57%为重酸性雨,10.71%为碱雨,且夏、春季比秋、冬两季略高.重金属As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn平均含量分别为10.33、5.75、14.68、53.15、922.37μg·L-1,其中,As和Cu含量低于地表水环境质量Ⅲ类标准.5种重金属含量在冬季明显高于夏季,春季含量略高于秋季,与大气降水pH值存在显著的负相关关系,在pH为3.8左右时各重金属含量最高,其中,As和Cd在pH 5.5左右、Cu和Pb在pH从5.5到6.0的过程中含量增加,达到次高值.5种重金属在降雨pH值大于7时含量最低.聚类分析结果表明,研究区大气中As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn主要来源于燃煤、汽车尾气、工业污染、矿石开采和钢铁生产.     

Specific antibody for pesticide residue determination produced by antibody-pesticide complex

A new method for specific antibody production was developed using antibody (Ab)-pesticide complex as a unique immunogen. Parathion (PA) was the targeted pesticide, and rabbit polyclonal antibody (Pab) and mouse monoclonal antibody (Mab) were used as carrier proteins. The Ab-PA complexes were generated by conjugating the two antibodies with an excessive dosage of PA. It was shown that the sensitivity of homologous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the new antibodies was similar to that using original antibodies. However, the new mouse Pab had not only similar positive recognizing spectrum as the original Mab, but also a significantly improved sensitivity in heterologous ELISA when some recognizable competitors were applied. IC₅₀ value of ELISA based on a combination of the new mouse Pab and hapten 9 was 0.24 ng/mL, which was 445.54 times as that of the homologous ELISA. An Ab-pesticide complex may be a suitable alternative immunogen for producing highly specific antibody to improve the immunoassay sensitivity.     

Provenances of atmospheric dust over Korea from Sr–Nd isotopes and rare earth elements in early 2006

Sr and Nd isotopic composition of pre- and syn-Asian dust (Hwangsa) particles collected from three different water depths at two different offshore sites, western Korea and rare earth elemental composition of syn-Asian dust particles collected from three islands around the Korean Peninsula in late April 2006 were analyzed to interpret their provenance. The dust Sr–Nd isotopic compositions vary spatiotemporally, but they show specific values when the Hwangsa event occurred. Satellite images, airmass backward trajectory modeling, and comparison with Sr–Nd isotopic ratios and rare earth elements compositions of soils and desert sands of northern China all suggest the major source of dust particles for the late April 2006 Hwangsa event to be the Mu Us Desert in northern China. Dust particles of the pre-Hwangsa period include both background dusts and the previous Hwangsa event dust particles, and they are interpreted to have been originated from various arid regions of China such as the Hobq Desert, the Mu Us Desert, and the Taklamakan Desert in different times. Different background dust sources during pre-Hwangsa period in early 2006 resulted from the changing route of the westerlies.