北京秋冬季一次重污染过程PM2.5来源数值模拟研究

利用WRF模式(The Weather Research and Forecasting Model)和嵌套网格空气质量模式(NAQPMS)对2016年11月发生在京津冀地区一次PM_(2.5)污染事件进行模拟研究并分析污染过程中的天气形势变化.结果表明,均压场、低空逆温层和偏南暖湿气流输送的存在为北京地区PM_(2.5)形成提供了有利条件,NAQPMS模式能够合理的再现北京大气污染物时空变化,细颗粒物PM_(2.5)和可吸入颗粒物PM_(10)模拟与观测数据相关系数达0.71,模拟数据在观测数据两倍范围内占比(FAC2)达65%.源解析结果表明,在不考虑临时实施减控措施下,11月18日区域外输送对北京PM_(2.5)浓度贡献为55.25%,区域内输送贡献为44.75%,北京东北区域PM_(2.5)外地源主要为河北中部、河北南部、天津和山东,所占贡献为9.67%、9.01%、7.90%和7.99%.污染物主要来源为生活源、交通源和工业源,分别占比39.6%、34.6%和20.0%.而实际上北京在唐山、保定采取一系列控制措施后仍在研究时段内出现高PM_(2.5)浓度,意味着在同样天气形势下需要对河北中部、河北南部、天津和山东等浓度贡献占比大的城市加强减排管控才能有效减缓高PM_(2.5)浓度的出现.     

2016~2018年采暖季太行山沿线城市PM2.5污染特征分析

对2016年、2017年采暖季太行山沿线传输通道城市大气中PM_2.5的OC、EC和水溶性离子进行分析,并利用特征组分比值和元素富集因子变化研究该传输通道的污染特征.结果表明,2017年采暖季通道整体较2016年同期空气质量改善良好,PM_2.5浓度由2016年的171.86μg/m³下降为123.90μg/m³.太行山中部城市2017年采暖季较2016年同期PM_2.5浓度下降显著,2a采暖季SNA离子（SO^2-,NO₃^-,NH₄⁺ 3种离子总称）浓度与占比呈现"北低南高",加之SNA/EC比值"北低南高",表明南部城市二次无机生成较为严重.而OC、EC浓度与占比呈现"北高南低",Cl^-/K⁺比值和元素Zn、Ba的富集因子北部均高于南部,表明北部城市可能受燃煤和机动车源等一次排放影响较大;各城市2017年采暖季SO₂、NO₂、CO浓度有所下降,且均呈现"北高南低"趋势,进一步表明北部城市一次排放较为严重.     

Pilot-scale experiments on multilevel contact oxidation treatment of poultry farm wastewater using saran lock carriers under different operation model

A pilot-scale multilevel contact oxidation reactors system, coupled with saran lock carriers,was applied for the treatment of poultry farm wastewater. The removal efficiencies of CODcr, ammonia, and the total nitrogen as well as the elimination performance of CODcr and total nitrogen along the three-level contact oxidation tanks under six designed operational models were investigated. Based on the performance of the nitrogen removal of the saran lock carriers and the distribution of anoxic–aerobic interspace under the suitable operation model, the mechanism of nitrogen removal of the system was also explored. The results revealed that the intermittent aeration under parallel model is the most suitable operation model, while the removal efficiencies of CODcr, ammonia, and the total nitrogen were 86.86%, 84.04%, and 80.96%, respectively. The effluent concentration of CODcr,ammonia, and the total nitrogen were 55.6 mg/L, 8.3 mg/L, and 12.0 mg/L, which satisfy both the discharge standard of pollutants for livestock and poultry breeding industry(GB18596–2001) and the first grade of the integrated wastewater discharge standard(GB 8978–1996). Moreover, the mechanism for the nitrogen removal should be attributed to the plenty of anoxic–aerobic interspaces of the biofilm and the three-dimensional spiral structure of the saran lock carriers, where the oxygen-deficient distribution was suitable for the happening of the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process. Therefore, the multilevel contact oxidation tanks system is an effective pathway for the treatment of the poultry farm wastewater on the strength of a suitable operation model and novel carriers.     

From waste hot-pot oil as carbon precursor to development of recyclable attapulgite/carbon composites for wastewater treatment

The utilization of waste products as valuable materials was a technical imperative for waste management. In this study, the cost-effective attapulgite/carbon(APT/C) composite was developed for wastewater treatment using waste hot-pot oil as a carbon precursor through a facile one-step calcination process. The APT/C composite prepared at 300°C exhibited the excellent adsorption capacity and rapid equilibrium rate over a broad p H range for the removal of various pollutants. More importantly, the removal ratios of the composites toward Methyl Violet and tetracycline still remained 77.6% and 60.2% of the initial adsorption capacity after ten adsorption–regeneration cycles via a facile thermal regeneration strategy, respectively.Beyond all doubt, this research provided a feasible and economical way for the sustainable utilization of waste hot-pot oil in wastewater treatment, achieving the concept of disposal waste with waste and recycling.     

Water incubation-induced fluctuating release of heavy metals in two smelter-contaminated soils

The soil moisture regime can affect the release of heavy metals in soil. In the previous studies, slightly polluted soils or artificially contaminated soil samples were considered to investigate the effect of soil moisture. We used highly smelter-contaminated and aged soils to study the release of typical heavy metals(Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) induced by water incubation in batch experiments with characterization via speciation and X-ray diffraction analyses(XRD). The results show that the leachable concentrations of the heavy metals increased slightly in the first 30 days, decreased drastically between 30 and 90 days, and immobilized relatively constant thereafter. The fluctuation was ascribed to the changes of soil Eh and pH, the reductive dissolution of crystalline iron oxides, the formation of new amorphous iron oxides, the absorption of dissolved organic matter and the precipitation of metal sulfide. Speciation analysis indicated that a proportion of the soil heavy metals was transformed from an exchangeable fraction to a less labile fraction after water incubation. And the presence of a lead iron oxide phase and the peak increasing of zinc sulfide were observed via XRD analyses. Finally, water incubation restrained the release of heavy metals after 180 days of incubation, and reduced the leachability of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb by as much as 1.61%–7.21% for soil A and 0.43%–3.36% for soil B, respectively. The study findings have implications for the formulation of risk control and management strategies for heavy metals in smelter-contaminated soils.     

基于空间决策的区域城镇发展与农业生产协调布局优化——以江西省临川区为例

科学地进行城镇发展空间与农业生产空间的划分,是解决城市无序发展问题和粮食安全问题的重要途径。本文以江西省临川区为例,借助ArcGIS、GeoDa等软件,对临川区耕地综合质量及其自相关关系进行评价,以此确定永久基本农田初步划定成果,采用多准则判断CA模型对城市扩张进行模拟,通过两方面结果的对比与调整,结合城市发展方向、发展模式和耕地国家利用等别,进行永久基本农田和城市开发边界的划定。结果表明：永久基本农田划定面积为593.46 km²,初步划定结果主要分布于上顿渡镇、崇岗镇、河埠乡和荣山镇等耕地综合质量较高,且多为高—高聚集的区域。经过城市扩张模拟结果可知,临川区城市建设用地面积较为显著增加,主要增加面积分布于展坪乡、上顿渡镇以及钟岭街道。城市发展方向和城市扩张模型分析结果显示,临川区城市建设用地主要向西北、东南、西南方向扩张,扩张类型主要为蔓延式扩展。根据耕地国家利用等别将初步划定永久基本农田区分为可调入区与可调出区,从而进行永久基本农田区与城市开发边界的优化与协调,形成永久基本农田区与城市开发边界的最终成果。研究结果可为保护耕地资源、避免城市的无序扩张提供参考,也可为今后的划定工作提供借鉴。     

湿地公园对局地气候舒适性影响的数值试验

为探索湿地公园对局地气候舒适性的影响,利用WRF数值模式,对重庆市梁平区待建湿地公园的位置与面积规划进行敏感性试验。结合当地主导风向和实际项目需求,设计了不建设湿地公园、湿地公园占地分别达10 km²、15 km²和20 km²等面积敏感性试验,以及湿地公园位于保护区西南部、东北部和分为南北两部分等建设位置敏感性试验。通过对比不同试验方案下垫面修改前后模拟结果的2 m气温、湿度等气象要素并计算热气候指标,认为湿地公园建设面积约15 km²、且将湿地分为两部分但东北部面积较大时,对当地的局地气候舒适性有较好改善。对风场的分析表明,这可能是因该规划方案能产生新的风道所致,因此也说明湿地公园的规划应当将局地风环境状况作为重要的参考指标。     

喷灌和沟灌方式对农田土壤NH3挥发的影响

研究了2016和2017年传统灌溉（沟灌）和节水灌溉（喷灌）方式氨（NH₃）挥发的季节年际动态变化特征及其影响因素.采用通气法进行原位监测,分析了土壤温度、体积含水量、铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）、硝态氮（NO₃^--N）以及气温降水等因素对NH₃挥发的影响.结果表明,NH₃挥发速率的峰值出现在施用氮肥后1~2周,喷灌有效降低NH₃挥发峰值,喷灌和沟灌的NH₃挥发速率峰值在2016年分别为2.67kg/（hm²·d）和11.11kg/（hm²·d）,2017年分别为2.42kg/（hm²·d）和11.73kg/（hm²·d）;马铃薯生长季NH₃挥发存在明显的季节变化,挥发高峰主要发生在7~8月,追肥期高于基肥期.2016~2017年农田土壤NH₃累积挥发量均表现为喷灌<沟灌,与沟灌相比,喷灌分别减少58.15%和43.55%.NH₃挥发速率与土壤温度呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,与体积含水量、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N浓度呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）.     

阳澄湖沉积物重金属空间分布及生物毒害特征

为了解阳澄湖沉积物重金属含量空间分布及污染特征,选取阳澄湖柱状沉积物样为研究对象,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）、原子荧光光谱仪（AFS）和Hydra-c型全自动测汞仪于2018年2月对阳澄湖15个采样点沉积物柱状样中8种重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb、Hg进行测定,分析重金属元素含量在水平及垂向的分布特征和污染状况.结果表明,阳澄湖表层沉积物中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb、Hg平均含量分别为101.28,68.72,66.54,187.33,15.85,0.45,34.02,0.09mg/kg,是各自背景值的1.34,2.09,2.89,2.88,1.69,4.99,1.54,3.00倍.垂向上重金属的含量随着深度的增加呈现出下降的趋势.对8种重金属进行相关分析和聚类分析,除As、Ni和Hg外,不同重金属之间存在着显著相关关系（P<0.05）,这说明阳澄湖沉积物重金属之间存在着一定的同源性.采用沉积物质量基准（SQG）对阳澄湖沉积物中重金属生物毒性效应进行了评价,结果表明,阳澄湖沉积物中Ni有75%以上的可能性出现生物毒害效应,Cr、Cu、Zn、As则有10%~75%的可能性产生生物毒害效应,而Cd、Pb和Hg造成的生物毒害效应的可能性较小.ERMQ评价结果表明,阳澄西湖沉积物中重金属造成生物毒害的风险较大,其余湖区发生重金属生物毒害的风险较小.     

冬季大黑汀水库沉积物-水界面氮磷赋存特征及交换通量

本文研究了大黑汀水库表层沉积物碳氮磷污染负荷及分布特征,利用Peeper （pore water equilibriums）技术获取沉积物-水界面氮磷剖面特征,分析大黑汀水库间隙水氮磷分布的空间差异;采集沉积物无扰动柱样用静态培养法对其水土界面氮磷交换速率进行估算.结果表明：沉积物中TN、TP和TOC的含量分别在729~5894mg/kg、1312~2439mg/kg和0.5%~5.6%之间,沉积物中氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）、硝酸盐氮（NO₃^--N）、亚硝酸盐氮（NO₂^--N）和活性磷（PO₄^3--P）含量分别在0.6~202.9、34.4~168.3、0.1~0.3和16.1~75.2mg/kg之间,主要表现为下游含量高于上游,空间分布特征明显;沉积物C/N表明该水库有机质主要来源于水体内部,与人类网箱养殖活动有关.间隙水中NH₄⁺-N和PO₄^3--P浓度远高于上覆水,表明大黑汀水库间隙水具有向上覆水体扩散营养盐的潜力.在垂直方向上间隙水中NH₄⁺-N浓度随深度的增加而变大,PO₄^3--P浓度具有在0~4cm快速增加,之后表现出逐渐降低的趋势.静态释放结果表明,沉积物-水界面NH₄⁺-N和PO₄^3--P的交换通量分别为3.5~110.5mg/（m²·d）和0.1~1.6mg/（m²·d）,NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N交换通量在-112.5~157.2mg/（m²·d）和0.04~0.94mg/（m²·d）之间.NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和PO₄^3--P在下游表现出较高的释放速率.较高的沉积物内源负荷使得大黑汀水库沉积物具有较大的向上覆水释放营养盐的潜力,改善水库沉积物污染状况是治理大黑汀水库水体环境的必要之举.