济南市水域鱼类功能群结构及其季节性变化

鱼类对于维护河流生态系统的稳定具有重要作用,季节性变化在一定程度上影响鱼类的群落结构.为了解济南市水域鱼类的功能群结构及其季节性差异,于2014年春季（5月）、夏季（8月）和秋季（11月）选取济南市水域的40个采样点对鱼类群落和水环境理化因子,通过单因素方差分析、多响应置换过程以及典范对应分析等方法,分析鱼类功能群在不同季节的差异性.结果表明:①春季共鉴定出鱼类5目7科26种,夏季为5目9科32种,秋季为5目7科20种.将鱼类按栖息水层、产卵类型、对环境的耐受性以及营养结构4个方面分为4种功能类群共11亚类.春季主要以植食性、底层与敏感种功能群为主,夏季主要以肉食性、中下层、耐污种、特殊产卵与粘性卵功能群为主,秋季主要以杂食性、浮性卵、中上层、耐污种功能群为主.②典范对应结果显示,影响粘性卵功能群、肉食性功能群、底层功能群以及敏感种功能群分布的驱动因子是ρ（DO）,电导率则是影响植食性功能群的驱动因子.研究显示,鱼类功能群的季节性变化受到内源性和外源性的共同影响,即鱼类自身生活习性和水环境因子季节性变化的共同影响.      

阴山北麓草原生态功能区防风固沙服务受益范围识别

风蚀是北方干旱与半干旱农牧交错带面临的严峻问题。论文以阴山北麓草原生态功能区为例,利用HYSPLIT模型模拟了当地生态系统提供的防风固沙服务流动路径,通过空间插值获得了功能区防风固沙服务的受益范围及其获得效益的相对大小,确定了受益范围内的土地覆被、受益人口及GDP。研究结果显示：1）2010年阴山北麓草原生态功能区的防风固沙服务大部分发生在春季,其流动路径主要往功能区东部和东南部区域延伸;2）防风固沙受益土地面积占全国土地面积的46%,主要位于功能区东部和南部地区;3）功能区受益的人口占当年全国总人口的75%,受益GDP占当年全国GDP总量的67%。未来可以根据受益区获得防风固沙效益的相对大小确定受益区不同区域横向生态付费金额,以补偿当地采取防风固沙措施导致的经济损失和投入,实现地区间公平,促进区域可持续发展。     

Are current Chinese national ambient air quality standards on 24-hour averages for particulate matter sufficient to protect public health?

With rapid economic development and urbanization in recent decades, China has experienced the worsening of ambient air quality. For better air quality management to protect human health, Chinese government revised national ambient air quality standards(NAAQS) for particulate matter(PM) in 2012(GB3095-2012). To assess the effectiveness of current NAAQS for PM on public health in Chinese population, we conducted a metaanalysis on published studies examining the mortality risk of short-term exposure to PM with aerodynamic diameters less than 10 and 2.5 μm(PM_(10) and PM_(2.5)) in China. The reported24-hour concentrations of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) in studies ranged from 43.5 to 150.1 μg/m~3 and 37.5 to 176.7 μg/m~3. In the pooled excess, mortality risk estimates of short-term exposure to PM.In specific, per 10 μg/m~3 increase in PM_(10), we observed increases of 0.40%(95%CI: 0.33%,0.47%), 0.57%(95%CI: 0.44%, 0.70%) and 0.49%(95%CI: 0.40%, 0.58%) in total, respiratory and cardiovascular mortality, per 10 μg/m~3 increase in PM_(2.5), we observed increases of 0.51%(95%CI: 0.38%, 0.63%), 0.62%(95%CI: 0.52%, 0.73%) and 0.75%(95%CI: 0.54%, 0.95%) in total,respiratory and cardiovascular mortality. Finally, we derived 125 μg/m~3 for PM_(10) and 62.5 μg/m~3 for PM_(2.5) as 24-hour recommendation values based on the pooled estimates. Our results indicated that current Chinese NAAQS for PM could be sufficient in mitigating the excess mortality risk from short-term exposure to ambient PM. However, future research on longterm exposure cohort studies in Chinese population is also essential in revising annual averages for PM in Chinese NAAQS.     

Aluminum formate (AF): Synthesis, characterization and application in dye wastewater treatment

Aluminum formate (AF), a degradable and non-corrosive coagulant, was synthesized from aluminum hydroxide and formic acid. Polyamidine (PA), as a coagulation aid, was combined with AF for dye wastewater treatment. AF was characterized by XPS, FT-IR, viscosity, zeta potential, mass spectrum and XRD, and the flocculation properties of the dual-coagulation system were characterized by FT-IR and SEM. The results showed that COOH, Al₂O₃-Al and O₂-Al bonds were formed in the AF synthesis process, and AF had a higher molecular weight and higher charge neutralization ability than PAC. The hydrolysates of AF were determined to contain Al₁₃ Al₁₁ and Al₂, and the components of AF were confirmed to comprise a mixture including aluminum formate (C₃H₃AlO₆) and its hydrate. When the color removal efficiency reached 100% in jar tests, the optimized dosage of AF/PA was 18.91/0.71 mg/L, while the optimized dosage of PAC/PA was 21.19/0.91 mg/L. According to the variance analysis, the interaction between AF/PA and PAC/PA were insignificant in macroscopic view. FT-IR spectrum indicated AF captured pollutant by means of CCO bond, PAC captured pollutant by δ CH, CC and δ CH. Overall, although the coagulation mechanism of AF was different from that of PAC, AF/PA showed better coagulation efficiency than PAC/PA in dye wastewater treatment.     

巯基改性高岭土负载CeO2-CdS光催化降解结晶紫

为获得高效催化活性的光催化材料,实现偶氮类染料的高效降解,试验以巯基乙酸钠作为硫源和高岭土改性剂合成了巯基高岭土/CeO₂-CdS催化剂,并以降解结晶紫为模板反应,优化确定了巯基高岭土/CeO₂-CdS催化剂的制备条件.采用XRD（X射线衍射）、SEM（扫描电子显微镜）、TEM（透射电子显微镜）、FTIR（傅里叶红外光谱）和UV-Vis（紫外-可见光漫反射光谱）对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明:①催化剂是由巯基高岭土、立方相结构的CdS和萤石结构的CeO₂组成;②CdS和CeO₂的负载破坏了巯基高岭土的层状结构;③最优催化剂和巯基高岭土/CeO₂的可见光的响应范围分别为550和450 nm;④当CeO₂:CdS（摩尔比,下同）为4:6,巯基高岭土:CeO₂-CdS（质量比,下同）为1:3时,催化剂具有最优的光催化活性;⑤在50 mL结晶紫浓度为10 mg/L的溶液中,添加0.1 g最优催化剂后,采用350 W氙灯对其光照150 min时,结晶紫的降解率为95.1%;⑥最优催化剂具有良好的重复使用性能,重复使用5次时,对结晶紫的降解率为90.4%.研究显示,结晶紫降解的最终产物为CO₂和H₂O,催化剂对结晶紫的降解机理是以羟基自由基氧化为主和超氧基氧化为辅的共存氧化机理.      

北极新奥尔松地区土壤及沉积物中可培养细菌多样性及分布特征分析

以2010年中国北极黄河站科学考察从新奥尔松地区采集的2个土壤和8个不同类型的沉积物样品为研究对象,采用分离培养方法及16S rRNA基因序列测定分析可培养细菌的多样性。对从10个站位分离出的343株细菌进行菌落特征分析,选取47株代表性细菌进行16S rRNA基因的分子鉴定并构建系统发育树,结果表明47株细菌归属于4个门,6个纲,18个属和29个种。在属水平上,芽孢杆菌纲细菌的多样性最为丰富,共6个属;在菌株数量上,γ-变形菌纲属于优势类群,共27株,分属于13个种。北极新奥尔松地区可培养细菌在海洋沉积物、湖泊沉积物、河流沉积物及土壤中的种属构成存在差异,其中海洋沉积物中细菌多样性最为丰富,而湖泊沉积物中细菌多样性次之。     

Does planned retreat matter? Investigating land use change under the impacts of flooding induced by sea level rise

Coastal regions worldwide are during the process of rapid urban expansion. However, expanded urban settlements in land-sea interfaces have been faced with unprecedented threats from climate change related hazards. Adaptation to coastal hazards has received increasing attention from city managers and planners. Adaptation and land management practices are largely informed by remote sensing and land change modeling. This paper establishes a framework that integrates land change analysis, coastal flooding, and sea level rise adaptation. Multilayer perceptron neural network, similarity learning, and binary logistic regression were applied to analyze spatiotemporal changes of residential, commercial, and other built-up areas in Bay County, Florida, USA. The prediction maps of 2030 were produced by three models under four policy scenarios that included the population relocation strategy. Validation results reveal that three models return overall acceptable accuracies but generate distinct landscape patterns. Predictions indicate that planned retreat of residents can greatly reduce urban vulnerability to sea level rise induced flooding. While managed realignment of the coast brings large benefits, the paper recommends different mixes of adaptation strategies for different parts of the globe, and advocates the application of reflective land use planning to foster a more disaster resilient coastal community.     

纳米银对胶州湾西北部海区及河口区沉积物反硝化能力和功能基因丰度的影响

在胶州湾西北部海区和大沽河河口区选择S站和E站2个研究站位,现场采样带回实验室进行模拟培养,研究纳米银对沉积物反硝化能力、反硝化酶活性及功能基因丰度的影响.将不同剂量(0、135、1 350 mg·L~(-1))的纳米银添加至由表层沉积物和原位底层海水组成的培养体系中培养6 d,测定其在不同时间内NO_3~-和NO_2~-含量、NO_3~-还原酶和NO_2~-还原酶活性、反硝化功能基因narG和nirS相对丰度的变化,探讨纳米银对不同区域沉积物反硝化过程的影响和可能的作用途径.结果表明,纳米银胁迫对2个站位沉积物NO_3~-和NO_2~-的还原能力、NO_3~-和NO_2~-还原酶活性及narG和nirS的基因丰度均具有明显的抑制效应,纳米银浓度越高,抑制程度越强,并会导致NO_2~-累积量的增加;纳米银对NO_2~-还原酶的抑制程度明显大于NO_3~-还原酶,对功能基因nirS的抑制程度明显大于narG;纳米银胁迫对NO_3~-还原过程的影响主要通过对功能基因的抑制作用,而对NO_2~-还原过程的影响主要是通过对还原酶活性的抑制作用;纳米银对胶州湾西北部海域反硝化能力、NO_3~-还原酶和基因丰度的抑制程度大于大沽河河口区.     

不同基质浓度对ANAMMOX菌短期储存的影响

在15℃±1℃条件下,将厌氧氨氧化菌混培物分别置于基质浓度为0、60、120 mg·L~(-1)添加比例为1∶1的NH+4-N和NO-2-N环境中短期(15 d)储存,探究不同基质浓度对厌氧氨氧化污泥短期保存及恢复的影响.经过短期储存后进行恢复实验,结果表明,1、2、3号反应器(分别对应0、60、120 mg·L~(-1)基质浓度中储存的厌氧氨氧化菌混培物)中的厌氧氨氧化活性分别下降41. 8%、17. 4%、33. 4.%,1、3号分别由于过度内源呼吸和高基质浓度抑制,导致活性下降较大,2号反应器由于基质浓度相对合适,避免了过度内源呼吸和高基质浓度抑制,使得菌种活性在该基质浓度下保留较好;储存期间,3个反应器内均发生内源呼吸消耗自身有机物的情况,导致EPS含量下降50. 9%、41. 7%、23. 7%和粒径下降31. 6%、16. 7%、8. 2%,表明在基质匮乏期菌体通过内源呼吸的方式维持自身的活性,较高的基质浓度可以在一定程度上延缓内源呼吸过程;在恢复期间,3个反应器分别经过15、10、7 d实现脱氮性能和厌氧氨氧化活性的恢复,表明同菌种增殖富集相比,原系统通过菌种活性增强的方式脱氮性能恢复更快.     

两种沉水植物对风浪及持续高水位胁迫的适应性研究

以两种沉水植物马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malainus)和狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)为研究对象,通过原位模拟试验,比较在相同水位变化幅度下不同高水位持续胁迫水平(分别以T0、T1、T2、T3表示恒静止、持续4 d、持续8 d和持续12 d)对沉水植物的生物量、植株伸长、具体形态指标和光合荧光特性的影响,并同步分析滆湖大洪港内两处风浪差异区(湖岸区M1和湖心区M2)两种沉水植物相应的适应性和形态变化的特征.结果表明,马来眼子菜和狐尾藻都表现出了较好的环境适应性,T0时任意两处的两种植物生物量和株高均最大;在风浪扰动较小区域(M2),持续高水位减弱了两种植物的伸长和生长(p0.01),并显著限制其在地上生物量的投资和茎干横向的分支(p0.05).在风浪扰动较大区域(M1),持续高水位对两种沉水植物产生了相同的形态变化,并显著降低各梯度下其Fv/Fm和快速光响应曲线(p0.05),但M1处两种沉水植物的光合能力均显著大于M2处.狐尾藻对风浪扰动和长时间水位胁迫能表现出更强抗弱光性和光合作用能力.因此,持续高水位胁迫下(小于8 d)两种沉水植物对一定程度水动力仍有较好的形态和生长适应性,对特定水文波动特征进行合理应对以保持沉水植物活力和维持湖泊生态系统具有指导作用.