船舶塑料垃圾热解特性及动力学分析

利用热重分析(TGA)研究船舶塑料垃圾在不同升温速率和不同气氛下的热解特性,并得到了热解动力学参数。结果表明,船舶塑料垃圾的热解过程主要有3个阶段,比一般塑料热解复杂;随着升温速率增大,最大热解速率和最大热解速率温度等热解特性参数也增大,反应变得更剧烈;N2/CO2比为4∶1时,热解反应进行得最完全,固体残留率最少。动力学分析表明,采用3个连续一级反应模型能很好地拟合实验数据;不同的升温速率和气氛比对反应各阶段活化能均有不同程度的影响。     

温度对正渗透工艺性能的影响

正渗透技术是一种以渗透压差为驱动力的新型膜分离工艺。温度是影响正渗透过程的关键因素。为考察温度在工艺运行中的重要作用,研究了温度对正渗透膜特性及工艺性能的影响,探讨通量衰减机制。结果表明,温度影响汲取液动态稀释、浓差极化和膜污染等的效应程度,进而影响正渗透性能。高温能够明显增加水通量和回收率,且汲取液温度影响比原料液显著。因此,合理优化温度条件是降低能耗提高正渗透性能的有效途径。     

PCBs污染土壤的CaO诱导低温热处理脱氯研究

研究了低温热处理脱氯技术对废弃电容器封存点附近污染土壤中多氯联苯脱氯的效果,考察反应温度、反应时间及CaO添加比例对PCBs去除率、脱氯率的影响以及反应前后土壤中污染物的组分变化。实验土样中PCBs浓度为107.7 mg/g,属于罕见高浓度PCBs污染土壤。当反应温度为400℃、停留时间4h、CaO添加比例为10%,PCBs的去除率为87.7%,脱氯率为85.3%。土壤样品中五氯联苯和四氯联苯反应后含量降低或未检出,部分反应后样品检出一氯联苯和联苯,说明在CaO诱导PCBs低温热处理脱氯反应中存在逐步脱氯/加氢反应途径。     

原铝生产流程温室气体排放主要影响因素的关联度分析

铝是国民经济建设和发展的关键基础材料,然而由其生产过程所产生的大量温室气体排放也逐渐成为政府关注的焦点。本研究计算了我国原铝生产不同年度的生命周期能耗和温室气体排放量,并分析了资源消耗和生产工序能耗等影响因素与温室气体排放的关联性。结果表明,在各年原铝生产的温室气体排放总量中,电力和阳极效应导致的排放所占比重分别为68.5%和7.9%,其他影响因素所占比重均低于6%;与温室气体排放关联度最高的3个影响因素依次是电耗、煤气燃烧和石灰石煅烧,其值分别为0.937、0.899和0.893;在目前铝电耗和阳极效应控制水平提升空间有限的情况下,降低煤气的消耗,提高石灰石的使用效率,是实现原铝生产温室气体减排的有效途径。     

基于土地利用变化的四川省生态系统服务价值研究

认识和理解土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响及相互作用关系具有重要意义。在分析国内外各种生态服务价值评价方法和对各类生态系统生态服务价值系数进行修正的基础上,采用生态系统服务价值评估模型、敏感性指数和价值变率模型,对各类生态系统的各项生态服务价值、土地利用变化对四川省生态系统服务价值的影响进行了计算和分析。结果表明：（1）四川省土地利用以林地和牧草地为主,1996~2006年耕地、未利用土地、牧草地和水域面积减少,林地、建设用地和园地面积呈增加趋势;（2）1996~2006年四川省生态系统服务价值由1996年的7 214588×108元上升到2006年的7 305018×108元,增加90431×108元,园地生态系统服务价值持续增加,而农田、牧草地、水域、未利用地则继续减少;（3）土地利用的生态服务价值区域差异显著,空间上呈现西多东少的分布格局,西部高山高原区和盆周山区的生态系统服务价值总量较大,成都平原和四川盆地丘陵区所提供的较少;（4）四川省生态系统服务价值缺乏弹性,价值变率反映林地面积的变化对研究区生态系统服务价值的变化具有较大影响     

Concentration and health risk evaluation of heavy metals in market-sold vegetables and fishes based on questionnaires in Beijing,China

Concentrations of heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, and Zn) in market vegetables and fishes in Beijing, China, are investigated, and their health risk to local consumers is evaluated by calculating the target hazard quotient (THQ). The heavy metal concentrations in vegetables and fishes ranged from not detectable (ND) to 0.21 mg/kg fresh weight (f.w.) (As), ND to 0.10 mg/kg f.w. (Cd), and n.d to 0.57 mg/kg f.w. (Pb), with average concentrations of 0.17, 0.04, and 0.24 mg/kg f.w., respectively. The measured concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn, and Zn are generally lower than the safety limits given by the Chinese regulation safety and quality standards of agriculture products (GB2762-2012). As, Cd, and Pb contaminations are found in vegetables and fishes. The exceeding standard rates are 19 % for As, 3 % for Cd, and 25 % for Pb. Pb contaminations are found quite focused on the fish samples from traditional agri-product markets. The paper further analyzed the health risk of heavy metals in vegetables and fishes respectively from supermarkets and traditional agri-product markets; the results showed that the fishes of traditional agri-product markets have higher health risk, while the supermarkets have vegetables of higher heavy metal risk, and the supervision should be strengthened in the fish supply channels in traditional agri-product markets.     

Potential toxicity of amphenicol antibiotic: binding of chloramphenicol to human serum albumin

Antibiotics are widely used in daily life but their abuse has posed a potential threat to human health. To evaluate the toxicity of chloramphenicol (CAP) at the protein level, the interaction between CAP and human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated by fluorescence, Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorption, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and molecular docking methods. Fluorescence data revealed that the fluorescence quenching of HSA by CAP was the result of the formation of CAP–HSA complex, and the binding constant was determined to be 3.196?×?10⁴ L mol^?1 at 310 K. The thermodynamic determination indicated that the interaction was driven by enthalpy change and entropy change together, where the multiple hydrogen bonds (CAP and the residues Arg 222 and His 242 of HSA) and van der Waals forces were the dominant binding force. The site marker competition revealed that CAP bound into sub-domain IIA of HSA. The binding of CAP induced the drastic reduction in α-helix conformation and the significant enhancement in β-sheet conformation of HSA. Molecular docking study further confirmed the binding mode obtained by experimental study. This work provides a new quantitative evaluation method for antibiotics to cause the protein damage.     

利用白云石石灰去除与回收污泥厌氧消化液中氮和磷

以白云石石灰为实验材料去除与回收污泥厌氧消化液中的氮磷,通过小试实验研究不同投药固液比S/L、初始pH值、反应温度、搅拌速度及反应时间对去除与回收氮磷效果的影响。实验结果表明,在最佳投药固液比S/L为300mg/L,最佳初始pH值范围为8.5~9.5,反应温度为25.0℃,搅拌速度为150 r/min,反应时间为24 h条件下,氨氮(NH+4-N)和磷(PO3-4-P)的去除率分别为37.26%和89.60%。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)对沉淀产物进行了表征,通过分析可知沉淀产物中含有磷酸铵镁(MAP),可实现废水中氮磷经济有效的回收。     

Some technical issues in managing PCBs

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were important industrial chemicals featuring high thermal and chemical stability and low flammability. They were widely used as dielectric and thermal fluid in closed electro-technical applications (transformers, capacitors…) and also in numerous dispersive uses, ranking from auto-copying paper to sealant or coatings. During the 1960s, severe environmental consequences started becoming apparent. The stability of PCBs contributed to their persistence in the environment, their lipophilic character to bio-magnification. Fish-eating species seemed threatened in their existence. In Japan and in Taiwan, thousands of people consumed PCB-contaminated oil. The production of PCBs stopped completely during the 1980s. Usage could continue in closed applications only. In this paper, particular attention is given to two issues: the cleaning of PCB electric transformers and the potential impact of PCB-containing building materials. Other contributions will cover the management and treatment of PCB-contaminated soil, sludge or fly ash. The complete survey is being prepared by request of the Knowledge Center for Engineers and Professionals.     

翅碱蓬-沙蚕对Cu污染沉积质理化性质的影响研究

以中国北方滩涂湿地的优势种植物翅碱蓬(Suaeda heteroptera Kitag.)和优势多毛类动物双齿围沙蚕(Nereis succinea)为实验对象,以向沉积质中添加Cu2+来模拟重金属污染,通过盆栽实验,分别测定翅碱蓬、沙蚕及两者混合培养对Cu污染沉积质的pH、氧化-还原电位(Eh)、总氮含量、总磷含量及脱氢酶活性的影响,研究它们对Cu污染沉积质理化性质的改善作用。结果表明,翅碱蓬、沙蚕对Cu污染沉积质理化性质的影响与Cu处理浓度有关。翅碱蓬-沙蚕体系对Cu污染沉积质理化性质的影响与两者单独作用时均不同,且对不同Cu处理浓度沉积质的影响效果也不尽相同;总体来看,对于Cu污染沉积质,翅碱蓬-沙蚕体系可促使pH升高,Eh下降,总氮含量升高,脱氢酶活性升高,而对总磷含量的影响不明显。