农田土壤温室气体产生机制及影响因素研究进展

农田土壤通过微生物呼吸、植物根系呼吸和土壤动物呼吸,释放大量温室气体,成为大气中主要温室气体(CO2、CH4和N2O)的重要来源.文章在阐述土壤温室气体产生机制的基础上,着重从土壤生物、土壤理化性质(主要包括温湿度、有机质、pH、Eh、土壤质地等)、水肥管理及耕作措施等角度对农田土壤温室气体释放的影响进行了综述,对土壤温室气体的减排措施进行了总结,并就今后农田土壤温室气体的研究重点和方向进行了展望.     

黄海近岸表层沉积物中多环芳烃来源解析

采集了黄海近岸(日照岚山海域)12个站位的表层沉积物样品,利用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)分析了样品中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,结果显示16种PAHs含量范围在76.384～7512.023 ng·g-1,平均值为2622.576 ng·g-1.低环PAHs组分所占比重较大,中高环PAHs相对较小.利用比值法定性解析PAHs的来源,初步判断PAHs可能来自燃煤、燃油、焦化、柴油泄漏等污染源.进一步引用相关源成分谱,应用化学质量平衡模型(CMB8.2)对PAHs的来源进行定最解析,拟合计算结果表明研究海域表层沉积物中PAHs的主要来源为燃煤源、燃油源(主要为柴油燃烧)和焦炉源,其相对贡献率分别为53.99%、25.57%和13.97%.     

石灰性土壤中磷锌对小麦生长及锌吸收分配的影响

针对磷锌在土壤-植物系统中复杂的交互作用,文章采用盆栽试验,研究了石灰性土壤中施磷肥对小麦生长及吸收锌的影响,结果表明,施锌明显增加了土壤中DTPA提取态锌的质量分数,且土壤中wDTPA提取态锌随着施磷质量分数的提高逐渐增加;不同施磷质量分数背景下,随施锌质量分数的提高小麦茎 叶 籽粒壳的干重有所降低,却增加了小麦籽粒的干重;在各质量分数锌背景下施不同质量分数水平磷,明显地降低了小麦茎叶中锌的质量分数,但提高了籽粒中锌的质量分数,并增加了锌累积量;小麦地上部锌质量分数和锌累积量均随施锌水平的增加而增加.因此,石灰性土壤中施磷肥提高了土壤中锌的有效性,促进了小麦生长,降低了小麦茎叶中锌的质量分数,促进了锌元素从植株向籽粒的运输,增加了小麦籽粒中锌的质量分数,促进了小麦地上部分对锌元素的总吸收量.     

长三角地区农田化肥投入快速增长的经济学诱因分析

农田化肥大量投入是引起农业面源污染的重要原因.根据长三角地区1980-2005年种植业生产以及农产品市场的统计数据,从投入要素机会成本变化和农产品价格变化角度,探讨长三角地区农业生产中化肥投入快速增长的经济学诱因.研究结果表明,长三角地区土地密集型作物上化肥投入快速增长是由于土地机会成本增长远远高于化肥价格增长而产生的化肥对土地的替代;相对劳动密集型作物上化肥投入快速增长是由于劳动机会成本高速增长引发的化肥对劳动的替代,并且相对劳动密集型农产品市场价格波动对化肥投入量的影响也较为显著.     

有机酸对铬超富集植物李氏禾吸收Cu的影响

许多研究表明有机酸的施加对植物吸收重金属的量具有不同的影响.文章采用盆栽试验研究了EDTA、柠檬酸、草酸和酒石酸对土壤中Cu的活化和李氏禾(Leersia hexandra Swartz)吸收Cu的影响.结果表明,当向土壤中施加质量摩尔浓度为2 mmol·kg-1的EDTA时,土壤中Cu质量分数为220.16 mg·kg-1与空白土壤中500.31 mg·kg-1相比明显减少,说明EDTA可以极显著的降低土壤中的铜质量分数,使其转化成水提取态的Cu浮于土壤表面,并大部分聚集在根部周围,同时向土壤中施加EDTA不但促进了对Cu的活化而且显著提高了李氏禾对Cu的吸收,叶中最高质量分数达到336.54 mg·kg-1是对照中80.34 mg·kg-1的四倍;而柠檬酸、草酸和酒石酸则抑制了Cu的活化,但对李氏禾地上部分的Cu质量分数影响不大.有机酸对Cu的影响相对较弱,除EDTA显著降低了土壤中Cu质量分数外,其他有机酸对Cu的活化和李氏禾吸收Cu的影响与对照均没有明显差异.     

Determination of 27 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water: The benefit of isotope dilution

• Isotope dilution method was developed for the determination of 27 PPCPs in water. • The established method was successfully applied to different types of water samples. • The correction effect of corresponding 27 ILSs over 70 d was investigated. • Benefit of isotopic dilution method was illustrated for three examples. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are a unique group of emerging and non-persistent contaminants. In this study, 27 PPCPs in various water samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE), and determined by isotope dilution method using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem triple quadruple mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). A total of 27 isotopically labeled standards (ILSs) were applied to correct the concentration of PPCPs in spiked ultrapure water, drinking water, river, effluent and influent sewage. The corrected recoveries were 73%–122% with the relative standard deviation (RSD)<16%, except for acetaminophen. The matrix effect for all kinds of water samples was<22% and the method quantitation limits (MQLs) were 0.45–8.6 ng/L. The developed method was successfully applied on environmental water samples. The SPE extracts of spiked ultrapure water, drinking water, river and wastewater effluent were stored for 70 days, and the ILSs-corrected recoveries of 27 PPCPs were obtained to evaluate the correction ability of ILSs in the presence of variety interferences. The recoveries of 27 PPCPs over 70 days were within the scope of 72%–140% with the recovery variation<37% in all cases. The isotope dilution method seems to be of benefit when the extract has to be stored for long time before the instrument analysis.     

肺结节病的临床特点及诊断学现状(附26例病例报告)

目的分析肺结节病的临床特点,探讨诊断方法.方法回顾性分析2004年3月~2009年9月有病理证据的肺结节病26例,报告肺结节病典型病例诊断过程及对临床特点和鉴别诊断进行分析.结果26例病例中,以呼吸道症状出现者共22例,同时累及眼1例,无症状患者通过体检发现者3例.2例在确诊前被误诊为肺部炎症.2例误诊为肺结核,抗结核治疗3个月,其中8例通过开胸活检确诊(1例术前倾向于肺癌).结论肺结节病临床上并非罕见,易被误诊,其诊断对指导治疗有重要的临床意义.参5.     

Removal of chelated copper from wastewaters by Fe<Superscript>2+</Superscript>-based replacement–precipitation

We studied the removal mechanism and affecting factors of Fe²⁺-based replacement–precipitation process for treating CuEDTA-containing wastewaters. Since Fe²⁺ was easily oxidized to Fe³⁺ in the presence of oxygen, the chelated copper was removed by the synergetic effect of Fe³⁺ replacement and NaOH precipitation. Our experiments showed that the copper removal efficiency was considerably dependant on pH conditions of the solution and molar ratio of Fe²⁺/Cu²⁺.     

Molecular insight into the population structure of common and spotted dolphins inhabiting the pelagic waters of the Northeast Atlantic

Several cetacean species exhibit fine-scale population structure despite their high dispersal capacities and the apparent continuity of the marine environment. In dolphins, most studies have focused on coastal areas and continental margins, and they revealed differentiated populations within relatively small geographic areas, sometimes in conjunction with a specialisation for different habitats (ecotypes). We analysed the population genetic structure of short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) and Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) in the Azores and Madeira, the two most isolated archipelagos of the North Atlantic. The archipelago of the Azores is divided into three groups of islands and stands 900 km away from Madeira. It is not known whether individuals migrate between groups of islands and archipelagos, nor whether distinct ecotypes are present. These questions were investigated by genetic analyses of 343 biopsy samples collected on free-ranging dolphins. The analyses consisted in sequencing part of the mitochondrial hyper-variable region, screening up to 14 microsatellite loci, and molecular sexing. Results did not unravel any population structure at the scale of the study area. Lack of differentiation matches expectations for spotted dolphins, which are transient in both archipelagos, but not for common dolphins, which are present year-round in the Azores and potentially resident. Absence of genetic structure over hundreds and even thousands of kilometres implies the existence of gene flow over much larger distances than usually documented in small delphinids, which could be achieved through individual movements. This finding indicates that population structure in oceanic habitat differs from that observed in coastal habitat.