Emissions of gas- and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Shing Mun Tunnel,Hong Kong

Real-world vehicle emission factors for seventeen gas and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified in the Shing Mun Tunnel, Hong Kong during summer and winter 2003. Naphthalene, acenaphthylene, and acenaphthene were the most abundant gas PAHs while fluoranthene and pyrene were the most abundant in the particle phase. Most (98%) of the gas PAHs consisted of two- and three-aromatic rings whereas most of the particle-phase PAHs were in four- (～60%) and five-ring (～17%) for fresh exhaust emissions. Average emission factors for the gas- and particle PAHs were 950–2564 μg veh^?1 km^?1 and 22–354 μg veh^?1 km^?1, respectively. Good correlations were found between diesel markers (fluoranthene and pyrene; 0.85) and gasoline markers (benzo[ghi]perylene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene; 0.96). Higher PAH emission factors were associated with a higher fraction of diesel-fueled vehicles (DV) passing through the tunnel. Separate emission factors were determined from diesel and non-diesel exhaust by the regression intercept method. The average PAH emission factor (i.e., sum of gas and particle phases) from DV (3085 ± 1058 μg veh^?1 km^?1) was ～5 times higher than that from non-diesel-fueled vehicles (NDV, 566 ± 428 μg veh^?1 km^?1). Ratios of DV to NDV emission factors were high for diesel markers (>24); and low for gasoline markers (<0.4).     

不同流向BAF硝化影响因素的对比试验

在温度、水力负荷、气水比、氨氮负荷、有机物负荷等硝化影响因素同等变化的情况下,进行了不同流向单级陶粒BAF硝化效果的对比试验研究。结果表明,UBAF的硝化效果和稳定性优于DBAF。若在同一反应器中同时去除有机物和氨氮,UBAF的经济气水比为3∶1～6∶1,DBAF的经济气水比为3∶1～5∶1。当进水有机物负荷<11 kg/(m³·d),有机物和氨氮的负荷比<5时,UBAF和DBAF的氨氮去除率相差不大。在较高COD浓度下,硝化菌在DBAF中与异氧菌的竞争能力不如UBAF。两级BAF的第一级宜为UBAF,但DBAF可能更适于作为二级滤池以提高系统稳定性、反硝化效率以及出水水质。     

旋风除尘器内部流场的数值研究

通过建立旋风除尘器模型,模拟了排气管插入深度对旋风除尘器的压降、气流的切向速度和轴向速度的影响。研究表明,增加排气管的插入深度会增大旋风除尘器的压力损失,但对其内部压力分布的影响却比较小;增加排气管的插入深度对气体切向速度和轴向速度的影响也比较小,在不同高度上,内外旋流交界处切向速度的最大值都有所增加,这会产生更大的离心力,除尘效率也会因此而提高。     

固定化啤酒废酵母对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附

用2%海藻酸钠与1%明胶混合作为包埋剂固定啤酒废酵母,研究固定化啤酒废酵母对Cr(Ⅵ) 的吸附特性。结果表明,固定化啤酒废酵母吸附Cr(Ⅵ) 受吸附时间、起始pH 、固定化菌体浓度、Cr(Ⅵ) 起始浓度及共存离子等因素的影响。确定固定化啤酒废酵母对Cr(Ⅵ) 最佳吸附条件为：pH 2,Cr(Ⅵ) 起始浓度100 mg/L ,固定化菌体浓度2 g/L,吸附90 min 。此条件下Cr(Ⅵ) 的吸附率可达96.8%。Pd²⁺等并存离子可抑制固定化啤酒废酵母对Cr(Ⅵ) 的吸附。用1 mol/L盐酸洗脱固定化啤酒废酵母所吸附的Cr(Ⅵ) 3 h,解吸率为93.6%。     

纳米技术的风险管理与对策

阐述纳米材料与纳米技术可能导致的环境与健康的不确定风险以及实施安全性评价的必要性.在推动纳米科技和纳米产品研发的同时,应秉持科技进步有益于社会整体发展的原则,针对这些技术可能引起的健康、安全、环境、伦理和社会的隐含问题和不确定性,开展纳米产品及与纳米相关的法律、环境与健康潜在风险研究,制定相关安全性评价和风险管理规范以应对潜在的释放风险.     

全氟异丁烯的毒性和检测防护技术

本文介绍了全氟异丁烯(PFIB)物化性质及产生;总结了其毒性;分析了气相色谱法分析PFIB方法:讨论了人员和环境防护技术.     

糖蜜酒精废水两相UASB处理工艺的酸化段特征

文章考察了糖蜜酒精废水二相UASB处理工艺的酸化段特征 ,试验结果表明酸化段的容积负荷达到3 0kgCOD/m3 时 ,系统仍能正常运行 ,TOC去除率在 3 5%以上 ,酸化段的SO4 2 -去除率在 70 %。糖蜜酒精废水酸化率在 50 % ,二相厌氧生物处理系统并未将产酸微生物与产甲烷微生物截然分开 ,在产酸相中仍含有一定数量的产甲烷菌。     

云南蒋家沟泥石流运动特征及其发展趋势

根据蒋家沟1965~2005年的泥石流运动观测资料与会泽气象站1965~2005年日降水资料,应用Hurst指数分析泥石流的运动要素,研究发现:泥石流年输沙量的Hurst指数为0.682时,年输沙量呈较强的正持续性,未来呈增长趋势;降雨量的Hurst指数0.605时,降雨量呈较弱的正持续性,未来呈较弱的增长趋势。同时,运用小波分析方法,发现泥石流输沙量具有多时间尺度周期的特征,主要表现为:第8、14和24年分别为其第1、2和3活动周期;结合小波方差图分析可知:在未来15 a以上,年输沙量将呈减少趋势,泥石流活跃程度弱;而15 a以内,未来将会保持较短时间的增加趋势,泥石流活跃程度强。综合以上分析可知:蒋家沟泥石流具有规模巨大,作用强烈,类型齐全等主要特征。     

乌江流域石灰土中铀等元素形态与铀活性

以中国西南乌江流域石灰土为例,运用逐级提取(Sequential Extraction,SEE)技术,并结合化学成分和相关参数数据,研究了石灰土中铀(U)等元素的形态,并在此基础上探讨了石灰土中U的活动性及释放潜力,旨在增进对U等元素生物地球化学循环的了解,同时也为流域U污染防治提供科学依据。研究结果表明：①石灰土中Mn主要存在于锰(氢)氧化物中,Ca主要存在于碳酸盐和硅酸盐矿物中,P主要存在于硅酸盐矿物和有机质中,U主要赋存于硅酸盐等残留部分中,其次赋存于有机质结合部分和碳酸盐矿物中;②石灰土剖面中活动态U所占的比例为10%~30%,平均17%,说明石灰土中的部分U在酸性和氧化-还原界面等条件下具有一定的迁移活性,即在上述条件下,石灰土中的部分U可释放进入周围水体或植物中;③石灰土中U的潜在释放量为036~150 g/t,平均U潜在释放量为076 g/t,因此,在酸雨和侵蚀等作用下,石灰土U释放可显著提高乌江河水U通量。     

Effect of copper on the degradation of pesticides cypermethrin and cyhalothrin

The influence of coexisting copper (Cu) ion on the degradation of pesticides pyrethroid cypermethrin and cyhalothrin in soil and photodegradation in water system were studied.Serial concentrations of the pesticides with the addition of copper ion were spiked in the soil and incubated for a regular period of time,the analysis of the extracts from the soil was carried out using gas chromatography (GC).The photodegradation of pyrethroids in water system was conducted under UV irradiation.The effect of Cu~(2 ) on the pesticides degradation was measured with half life (t_(0.5)) of degradation.It was found that a negative correlation between the degradation of the pyrethroid pesticides in soil and Cu addition was observed.But Cu~(2 ) could accelerate photodegradation of the pyrethroids in water.The t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin extended from 6.7 to 6.8 d while for cypermethrin extended from 8.1 to 10.9 d with the presence of copper ion in soil.As for photodegradation,t_(0.5) for cyhalothrin reduced from 173.3 to 115.5 rain and for cypermethrin from 115.5 to 99.0 min.The results suggested that copper influenced the degradation of the pesticides in soil by affecting the activity of microorganisms.However, it had catalyst tendency for photodegradation in water system.The difference for the degradation efficiency of pyrethroid isomers in soil was also observed.Copper could obviously accelerate the degradation of some special isomers.