兰州冬季大气污染来源分析

利用WRF(天气研究与预报模式)输出的高分辨率气象数据驱动HYSPLIT_4.9(混合单粒子拉格朗日轨迹模式),结合PSCF(潜在源贡献因子)和CWT(权重浓度轨迹分析)模拟研究复杂地形下兰州城市尺度大气污染物局地输送特征、潜在源区及其对空气质量的影响. 结果表明:2002—2008年影响兰州城区冬季12月空气质量的轨迹可分为5类,输送类型可分为城区内输送和城区外输送. 第1、3类轨迹出现频率均大于20%且污染轨迹出现频率均大于38%,是污染物的主要输送路径,对应潜在源区为兰州城关区东北部和榆中县东部,这2个源区对ρ(PM₁₀)的影响最大,对ρ(SO₂)的影响最小,对ρ(PM₁₀)、ρ(SO₂)和ρ(NO₂)的贡献分别超过200、80和60 μg/m3. 来自榆中县的第4类轨迹和兰州西固区的第5类轨迹易造成大气重污染,而来自皋兰县的第2类轨迹属于清洁轨迹. 兰州冬季污染既受局地输送的影响,也与地面天气形势密切相关.      

Path analysis of factors influencing household solid waste generation: a case study of Xiamen Island,China

Comprehensive study of the factors influencing household solid waste (HSW) generation is crucial and fundamental for exploring the generation mechanism and forecasting future dynamics of HSW. A case study of Xiamen Island, China was employed to reveal the direct and indirect effects of demographic/socioeconomic factors on solid waste generation at the urban household scale. Based on a face-to-face questionnaire and two-stage survey of solid waste generation, a path analysis model was built. Results showed that the proposed path model exhibited good fit indices. Family size and dinning-at-home rate (DR), whose coefficients were ?0.40 and 0.43, respectively, were the two major factors influencing HSW directly. Moreover, family size, education level, employment rate and age structure played different degrees of indirect effects on HSW generation through respective paths, which should not be ignored. In terms of total effects, coefficients of family size, DR and employment rate were ?0.46, 0.43 and ?0.37, respectively, which were three most dominant factors influencing HSW generation. As for waste composition, organic waste was the most representative of HSW dynamics, and was the most sensitive to impact by the factors studied. Quantitative results of this study have important policy implications for sustainable municipal solid waste management.     

Study of nitrogen oxide absorption in the calcium sulfite slurry

Experiments were conducted using a bubbling reactor to investigate nitrogen oxide absorption in the calcium sulfite slurry. The effects of CaSO₃ concentration, NO₂/NO mole ratio and O₂ concentrations on NO₂ and SO₂ absorption efficiencies were investigated. Five types of additives, including MgSO₄, Na₂SO₄, FeSO₄, MgSO₄/Na₂SO₄ and FeSO₄/Na₂SO₄, had been evaluated for enhancing NO₂ absorption in CaSO₃ slurry. Results showed that CaSO₃ concentration had significant impact on NO₂ and SO₂ absorption efficiencies, and the highest absorption efficiencies of SO₂ and NO₂ could reach about 99.5 and 75.0 %, respectively. Furthermore, the NO₂ absorption was closely related to the NO₂/NO mole ratio, and the existence of NO₂ in flue gas may promote NO absorption. The presence of O₂ in simulated flue gas was disadvantage for NO _x removal because it can oxidize sulfite to sulfate. It was worth pointing out that FeSO₄/Na₂SO₄ was the best additive among those investigated additives, as the NO₂ removal efficiency was significantly increased from 74.8 to 95.0 %. IC and in situ FTIR results suggest that the main products were NO₃ ^? and NO₂ ^? in liquid phase and N₂O, N₂O₅ and HNO₃ in gas phase during the CaSO₃ absorption process.     

一种化学物质的热危险性研究

以某一化学物质(ANPyO)为例,探讨了化学物质热危险性分析方法和步骤:建议首先从化学结构上对物质进行初步分析,然后根据化学结构进行理论计算预测,最后在前面研究的基础上,选择和确定采用合适的,比如:DSC/TG、ARC等小药量实验方法,研究化学物质的热危险性.对于ANPyO,通过分子结构可知其为多硝基多氨基芳烃,是具有潜在的燃烧、爆炸危险的活性化学物质.理论计算预测其属于高危险性物质.对其进行DSC/TG、ARC实验,得到绝热分解反应的热力学和动力学参数,自加速分解温度( TSADT)为199℃,热分解开始温度为310.0℃,最大反应速度出现在系统温度771.5℃时,自热分解开始到最大反应速度的时间为23.5min.文中研究可为该化学物质生产、使用和储运安全提供参考.     

Dynamic changes in radial oxygen loss and iron plaque formation and their effects on Cd and As accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Temporal variations and correlations between radial oxygen loss (ROL), iron (Fe) plaque formation, cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) accumulation were investigated in two rice cultivars at four different growth stages based upon soil pot and deoxygenated solution experiments. The results showed that there were significant differences in ROL (1.1–16 μmol O₂ plant^?1 h^?1), Fe plaque formation (4,097–36,056 mg kg^?1), Cd and As in root tissues (Cd 77–162 mg kg^?1; As 49–199 mg kg^?1) and Fe plaque (Cd 0.4–24 mg kg^?1; As 185–1,396 mg kg^?1) between these growth stages. ROL and Fe plaque increased dramatically from tillering to ear emergence stages and then were much reduced at the grain-filling stage. Furthermore, significantly positive correlations were detected between ROL and concentrations of Fe, Cd and As in Fe plaque. Our study indicates that increased Fe plaque forms on rice roots at the ear emergence stage due to the increased ROL. This stage could therefore be an important period to limit the transfer and distribution of Cd and As in rice plants when growing in soils contaminated with these toxic elements.     

Degradation of bisphenol A by microorganisms immobilized on polyvinyl alcohol microspheres

In this study, microorganisms （named B111） were immobilized on polyvinyl alcohol microspheres prepared by the inverse suspension crosslinked method. The biodegradation of bisphenol A （BPA） and 4-hydro- xybenzaldehyde, a degradation product of BPA, by free and immobilized B lll was investigated. The BPA degradation studies were carried out at initial BPA concentrations ranging from 25 to 150 mg·L^-1. The affinity constant Ks and maximum degradation rate Rmax were 98.3 mg·L^-1 and 19.7mg·mg^-1VSS·d^-1 for free B111, as well as 87.2mg·L^-1 and 21.1mg·mg^-1VSS·d^-1 for immobilized B 111, respectively. 16S rDNA gene sequence analyses confirmed that the dominant genera were Pseudomonas and Brevundimonas for BPA biodegradation in microorganisms B 111.     

壬基酚和双酚A对雄性斑马鱼(Danio rerio)卵黄蛋白原mRNA的诱导效应

为了对野外环境中内分泌干扰物更快速有效地进行检测,运用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)技术检测了17β-雌二醇(E2)、壬基酚(NP)和双酚A(BPA)对雄性成体斑马鱼肝脏合成卵黄蛋白原(VTG)mRNA的诱导作用,并初步探讨了VTGmRNA体内代谢动力学模式.结果表明,随着暴露浓度的升高(E2:20、100、250、500ng·L-1;NP:20、100、250、500μg·L-1;BPA:50、100、250、500、1000μg·L-1),VTGmRNA表达量均显著增加,VTGmRNA表达量与暴露浓度具有明显的剂量-效应关系.在10d的暴露期内,随着暴露时间的延长,VTGmRNA表达量均显著增加,VTGmRNA表达量与暴露时间呈明显的时间-效应关系;停止暴露后,VTGmRNA表达量迅速下降,E2诱导的表达消失得最快(4d),而NP、BPA诱导的表达持续时间相对较长(6d).     

温度对小叶海金沙生长的影响

用野外调查测定和室内模拟的方法研究了温度对小叶海金沙生长的影响.结果表明,小叶海金沙疯狂生长群落中的温度比正常生长群落高,且温度与其净光合速率呈极显著正相关,而这两种类型群落内大气相对湿度以及光照差异较小.此外,土壤养分和土壤pH与小叶海金沙的生长速度无明显的关联性.根据研究结果推测:温度可能是小叶海金沙疯狂生长原因之一.     

镉对南美蟛蜞菊光合特性的影响

镉(Cd)积累是造成土壤重金属污染的重要因素之一,它是一种对植物生理代谢过程产生诸多影响的环境胁迫因子,光合作用的变化可以直接反映植物对Cd胁迫的适应特性.通过对外来植物南美蟛蜞菊(Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitchc.)生长过程不同程度的Cd胁迫处理,利用光合气体交换与叶绿素荧光技术,初步观测盆栽土壤中不同质量分数的Cd对南美蟛蜞菊叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、叶绿素质量分数与荧光特征等光合特性的影响.结果显示:①当土壤中Cd质量分数达到5 mg·kg-1时,叶片净光合速率Pn明显降低,但蒸腾速率Tr和气孔导度gs降幅较小,水分利用率WUE则没有表现出明显差异;②随着土壤中Cd的增加,叶绿素a质量分数与叶绿素a/b降低,但叶绿素b变化不明显;③ Cd质量分数达到2 mg·kg-1时,初始荧光Fo与光化效率Fv/Fm变化明显,光系统Ⅱ电子传递速率ETR和量子效率ΦPSⅡ从Cd质量分数为0.5 mg·kg-1起有明显变化.由此看出,Cd对叶绿素有一定程度的破坏作用,其中光反应中心对Cd胁迫尤为敏感,叶片光合速率和光能转化效率的下降与此密切相关.     

广州市城市热岛时间变化特征及与大气总悬浮颗粒物关系的研究(英文)

文章研究了1985-2005年期间广州市城市热岛强度时间变化及与大气总悬浮颗粒物浓度的关系.结果表明.由于经济的快速增长和城市化进程不断加快,广州市城市热岛效应十分明显,年平均热岛强度在0.20～2.10℃之间波动.受季风等大范围气候背景及降雨的影响,月平均热岛强度具有明显的季节变化特征,总体上呈"U"字形变化,其中7月份热岛强度最低,11月份最高.不同时次(02:00,08:00,14:00和20:00)的热岛强度以08:00时最高,而以14:00最低.最低温度下的热岛强度呈现出稳定增长的趋势(平均值为1.09℃),显示出广州近地面平均气温上升以最低温度最为明显.自1994年之后广州市大气总悬浮颗粒物水平呈现出明显的下降趋势,然而1982年到1998年期间仍然超过了国家大气质量二级标准所规定的浓度限值0.200 mg/m3.研究还表明,广州城市年平均热岛强度与年平均大气总悬浮颗粒物浓度之间存在显著的负相关,负相关系数为-0.676.尽管市区大气总悬浮颗粒物可以反射太阳辐射,降低日照时间,最终产生致冷效应,但是广州城市热岛效应是全球气候变暖下的大气增温和悬浮颗粒物降温之间平衡作用的结果.