江苏南京地区蜻蜓目(Odonata)昆虫区系及多样性分析

2005～2008年对江苏南京地区的蜻蜓资源进行了调查,共发现蜻蜓目昆虫45种,隶属于8科29属。其区系组成的特点是：东洋成分占明显优势,有13种,约占总数的2889%;古北区的种类相对较少,只有5种,约占总数的1111%。研究分析了7个样地蜻蜓的物种丰富度多样性指数(〖WTBX〗H′)、均匀度指数(J)、优势度指数(D)和相似性系数(Cs〖WTBZ〗)。结果发现：蜻蜓物种丰富度由大到小的顺序为紫金山(30)=老山(30)>将军山(24)>江心洲(19)>方山(18)>东庐山(13)>金牛湖(9);各样地的多样性指数排序为将军山(2.9298)>紫金山(2.9150)>老山(2.7258)>方山(2.6574)>江心洲(2.5478)>东庐山(1.9025)>金牛湖(1.6700)。其中,方山与东庐山的相似性系数最大(0.7742),金牛湖分别与紫金山和老山的相似性系数最小(0.4103)。     

Understanding of regional air pollution over China using CMAQ,part I performance evaluation and seasonal variation

The U.S. EPA Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with the process analysis tool is applied to China to study the seasonal variations and formation mechanisms of major air pollutants. Simulations show distinct seasonal variations, with higher surface concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 μm (PM₁₀), column mass of carbon monoxide (CO) and NO₂, and aerosol optical depth (AOD) in winter and fall than other seasons, and higher 1-h O₃ and troposphere ozone residual (TOR) in spring and summer than other seasons. Higher concentrations of most species occur over the eastern China, where the air pollutant emissions are the highest in China. Compared with surface observations, the simulated SO₂, NO₂, and PM₁₀ concentrations are underpredicted throughout the year with NMBs of up to ?51.8%, ?32.0%, and ?54.2%, respectively. Such large discrepancies can be attributed to the uncertainties in emissions, simulated meteorology, and deviation of observations based on air pollution index. Max. 1-h O₃ concentrations in Jan. and Jul. at 36-km are overpredicted with NMBs of 12.0% and 19.3% and agree well in Apr. and Oct. Simulated column variables can capture the high concentrations over the eastern China and low values in the central and western China. Underpredictions occur over the northeastern China for column CO in Apr., TOR in Jul., and AODs in both Apr. and Jul.; and overpredictions occur over the eastern China for column CO in Oct., NO₂ in Jan. and Oct., and AODs in Jan. and Oct. The simulations at 12-km show a finer structure in simulated concentrations than that at 36-km over higher polluted areas, but do not always give better performance than 36-km. Surface concentrations are more sensitive to grid resolution than column variables except for column NO₂, with higher sensitivity over mountain and coastal areas than other regions.     

Seasonal variation in long-range transported dust to a subtropical islet offshore northern Taiwan: Chemical composition and Sr isotopic evidence in rainwater

We investigated chemical and Sr isotopic composition of monthly rainwater collected on Peng-Chia-Yu (PCY) in northern Taiwan. Rainwater ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, Na/Cl, Ca/Cl, Sr/Cl, Sr/Ca, NH₄/Cl, NO₃/Cl, SO₄/Cl and Na/Sr, showed clear seasonal cycles, reflecting mixture of loess carbonates (high Ca/Sr and more radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) and seawater (low Ca/Sr and intermediate ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr). Model results showed that the former source contributes up to 45% during the winter monsoon period, but seawater is the dominant Sr source in rainwater (>50%) at other times. Two anomalously low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values occurred in July and August 1998, coinciding with the Merapi eruption in Indonesia. Air-mass backward trajectories and the geochemical and isotopic compositions in rainwater and Merapi lava (i.e. Ca/Sr = 100 and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.705400) suggested that the Merapi eruption delivered ash across the western equatorial Pacific to PCY. Aerosols leaching experiments were conducted to examine the impact of the 1998 eruption, demonstrating that only a minor terrestrial signature can be extracted by distilled water, implying rapid dispatch of volcanic gases or high-efficiency dissolution of ash related substance in acidic rains.     

溶藻放线菌改性制剂对铜绿微囊藻的控藻能力研究

采用喷雾干燥法制备了一种溶藻放线菌粉剂,此粉剂按1∶10 000的质量比投加4 d后对铜绿微囊藻的溶藻效率可达90%,该粉剂经过壳聚糖改性处理后,在1∶20 000的质量投加比下,0.5 h即可絮凝去除90%的藻细胞,4 d后的溶藻效率仍可达80%。由于既能快速絮凝除藻,又能长效溶藻,使得改性溶藻放线菌粉剂具有更为广阔的应用前景。     

Rheology of Concentrated Cellulose Solutions in 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride

Rheological behavior of the concentrated cellulose/1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl) solutions was investigated. As polymeric fluid, solutions of cellulose in [BMIM]Cl display a marked elastic behavior under shear flow. The dependence of the shear viscosity η, and of the dynamic modulus, on concentration, average degree of polymerization (DP) and temperature is discussed. At lower concentrations and degrees of polymerization (DP), cellulose solutions show viscous, inelastic behavior at low frequencies and low shear rate. At higher concentration and DP, cellulose solutions are more elastic at higher frequencies and shear rate. Such solutions also have some usual rheological properties. The dynamic rheological responses revealed that the Cox–Merz rule did not hold for these cellulose solutions at high deformation rate. Plotting storage modulus G′ against loss modulus G″ gave almost a master curve which is independent of temperature and concentration, with the slope of about 1.651 for 10 wt% cellulose solutions. This value indicates the existence of microheterogeneity in the solution system.     

改性蒙脱石-壳聚糖絮凝剂处理造纸废水

将改性蒙脱石(MM)和壳聚糖(CTS)制成MM-CTS新型复合絮凝剂,对造纸废水进行絮凝处理.实验结果表明,当MM-CTS的加入量为0.10 mg/L、m(MM):m(CTS):40:1、pH=8.0、搅拌速率为140 r/min、沉降时间为15 min时,絮凝效果最佳,对造纸废水的COD去除率达66.35%,较传统絮凝剂的COD去除率提高了13.7%,药剂成本下降11.1%,具有明显的经济与环境效益.     

纳米技术的风险管理与对策

阐述纳米材料与纳米技术可能导致的环境与健康的不确定风险以及实施安全性评价的必要性.在推动纳米科技和纳米产品研发的同时,应秉持科技进步有益于社会整体发展的原则,针对这些技术可能引起的健康、安全、环境、伦理和社会的隐含问题和不确定性,开展纳米产品及与纳米相关的法律、环境与健康潜在风险研究,制定相关安全性评价和风险管理规范以应对潜在的释放风险.     

全氟异丁烯的毒性和检测防护技术

本文介绍了全氟异丁烯(PFIB)物化性质及产生;总结了其毒性;分析了气相色谱法分析PFIB方法:讨论了人员和环境防护技术.     

类氧化硅气凝胶吸附材料的制备及其吸附性能

以有机硅高沸物和Na₂SiO₃·9H₂O为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备出疏水性的类氧化硅气凝胶吸附材料。采用透射电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外分析仪和比表面与空隙度分析仪对该吸附材料的结构进行表征。表征结果显示,该吸附材料呈海绵状多孔结构,比表面积为294.48 m²/g,孔径分布较宽（为2 ~140 nm）,平均孔径为8.95 nm。实验结果表明：采用该吸附材料常温下静态吸附处理质量浓度为10 mg/L的罗丹明B（RhB）溶液,在类氧化硅气凝胶吸附材料加入量50 g/L、静态吸附时间5 h的最佳静态吸附工艺条件下,RhB去除率为98.8%,吸附后RhB质量浓度为0.124 mg/L;采用该吸附材料常温下动态吸附处理质量浓度为15 mg/L的RhB溶液,吸附4 h后开始穿透,吸附7 h后完全穿透。穿透时间较长,表明该吸附材料具有较大的吸附容量。