Air pollution and hospital visits for acute upper and lower respiratory infections among children in Ningbo,China: A time-series analysis

Acute upper and lower respiratory infections are main causes of mortality and morbidity in children. Air pollution has been recognized as an important contributor to development and exacerbation of respiratory infections. However, few studies are available in China. In this study, we investigated the short-term effect of air pollution on hospital visits for acute upper and lower respiratory infections among children under 15 years in Ningbo, China. Poisson generalized models were used to estimate the associations between air pollution and hospital visits for acute upper and lower respiratory infections adjusted for temporal, seasonal, and meteorological effects. We found that four pollutants (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, and SO₂) were significantly associated with hospital visits for acute upper and lower respiratory infections. The effect estimates for acute upper respiratory infections tended to be higher (PM_2.5 ER = 3.46, 95% CI 2.18, 4.76; PM₁₀ ER = 2.81, 95% CI 1.93, 3.69; NO₂ ER = 11.27, 95% CI 8.70, 13.89; SO₂ ER = 15.17, 95% CI 11.29, 19.19). Significant associations for gaseous pollutants (NO₂ and SO₂) were observed after adjustment for particular matter. Stronger associations were observed among older children and in the cold period. Our study suggested that short-term exposure to outdoor air pollution was associated with hospital visits for acute upper and lower respiratory infections in Ningbo.     

Fabrication and characterization of electrospun porous cellulose acetate nanofibrous mats incorporated with capric acid as form-stable phase change materials for storing/retrieving thermal energy

Electrospun cellulose acetate (CA) nanofibrous mats incorporated with capric acid was studied to fabricate form-stable phase change materials (PCMs) for storing/retrieving thermal energy. Electrospun CA nanofibrous mats with different porous structures and specific surface areas were firstly prepared through regulating the volume ratio of mixture solvent of acetone/dichloromethane (DCM). Effects of different volume ratio of mixture solvent and mat thickness on the morphological structure, specific surface area, and absorption capacity of CA nanofibrous mats were systematically investigated. The results indicated that CA nanofibrous mats were highly porous on the surface; hence, they were capable of absorbing a large amount of capric acid. The maximum absorption capacity of CA mats via electrospinning with volume ratio of acetone/DCM being 5/5 was ~95.8 wt%, due to its higher specific surface area of ~17.1 m²/g. The specific surface area and capric acid absorption capacity of CA nanofibrous mats increased with the increases of mat thickness. As the thickness of nanofibrous mats increased from 10 to 85 μm, the corresponding specific surface area and capric acid absorption capacity of mats increased respectively from 7.2 to 29.0 m²/g and 92.1 to 98.5%. Morphological structures, as well as the properties of thermal energy storage and thermal insulation of the fabricated form-stable PCMs, were studied by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and measurement of freezing times, respectively. The results indicated that the resulting form-stable PCMs could well maintain their phase transition characteristics and demonstrated great thermal energy storage capability and temperature regulation ability.     

活性焦吸附—曝气生物滤池处理煤气化废水生化出水

采用活性焦吸附—曝气生物滤池（BAF）工艺对煤气化废水生化出水进行深度处理。在活性焦投加量2 g/L、吸附时间2 h、BAF生化停留时间4 h的条件下,总COD去除率为85.4%,最终出水平均COD为45.2 mg/L,满足后续双膜法回用工艺要求（COD≤50 mg/L）。活性焦对致色的大分子有机物具有较好的吸附效果,吸附后废水的色度从300倍降至60倍,同时耗氧速率加快,可生化性提高。活性焦的吸附以物理吸附为主,吸附出水没有急性毒性。三维荧光光谱显示：各单元对于酚类的去除均有贡献,小分子组分中的酚类几乎全被去除。     

关于构建企业环境守法引导机制框架的思考

当前我国经济发展步入新常态阶段,经济发展速度减慢,部分企业资金缩紧,难免出现逃避监管、偷排漏排等现象。在这种形势下,只有转变对企业的传统监管模式,从单纯的行政执法向行政执法与守法激励相结合模式转变,建立企业环境守法引导机制,才能更好、更快地促进企业自觉调整结构,创新技术,发展绿色产业,从而实现环境效益、经济效益和社会效益共赢。本研究基于环境规制、利益相关者以及企业社会责任等理论基础,提出构建企业环境守法引导机制的基本框架由行政监管、经济激励、企业自律和社会监督等四个方面构成,并分析目前我国企业环境守法引导机制建设存在不完善问题,建议从完善行政监管执法机制、健全经济激励政策、加强企业环保意识培养、完善社会监督机制等方面间接和直接引导企业环境守法。     

Melting characteristics during the vitrification of MSW incinerator fly ash by swirling melting treatment

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Pilot tests of fly ash were investigated in a 0.2 MW swirling melting furnace at 1250–1400 °C. The properties of raw...     

后疫情时期的经济复苏与绿色发展:对立还是共赢

后疫情时期的大规模经济刺激计划引发了人们对绿色发展可能让位于经济复苏的担忧。尽管“绿色复苏”得到国内外广泛的呼吁和支持,但绿色是否意味着经济的妥协?绿色复苏可能面临怎样的挑战?这些问题的考量,对我国科学部署经济发展战略、完善顶层政策设计至关重要。基于疫情暴发以来的出行大数据、防疫管控措施等最新信息,构建细化经济复苏过程的全球疫情自适应模型,量化模拟不同复苏方案对经济、就业的拉动效应和碳排放影响。研究发现:以发展清洁能源和数字经济为主的绿色复苏方案对经济体量的拉动效应等同,甚至超过以化石能源和重工业为主的传统经济刺激方案;但前者面临的劳动力转型挑战可能拖慢经济复苏的进程。“绿色复苏”方案对我国经济体量的拉动效应比传统刺激方案高0.3%~14.8%,创造就业岗位数量变化-4%~3%,但同时需要近1亿人(约为初始就业人口总量的13%)跨行业就业,其中受疫情影响较大的中、低技能劳动者占96%以上。跨行业就业门槛和劳动者技能瓶颈可能增加劳动力流转匹配的时间成本,甚至带来“结构性失业”问题和社会不平等加剧的次生伤害。认为:经济复苏与绿色发展本质上不是对立的单选题,而是存在共赢的可能性。对“绿色复苏”在经济、就业和环境三方面正向协同效益的边界条件应有清醒认识和把握,仅仅关注经济拉动效应和创造就业岗位总量的潜在效益而忽视实现该理论效益的现实条件,可能会造成对经济刺激方案选择的误判。加强劳动力市场的灵活性、推动社会公正转型是提升经济系统韧性、实现复苏与绿色共赢的前瞻性举措。     

环境污染的国际转移与城乡转移

从广义上考察了环境污染的国际转移与城乡转移,包括可见的和不可见的污染转移。分析了污染转移的不同途径,从环境质量需求和个人贴现率两个方面分析了污染转移的经济机制,以此为基础,探讨了防止污染转移的对策。     

用浮萍试验检测4种污染物的植物毒性

用浮萍试验检测丙烯腈－腈纶工业废水中４种主要污染物：丙烯腈、硫氰酸钠（NaSCN）、乙腈和二甲基甲酰胺（DMF）的植物毒性。结果表明,4种污染物对浮萍的96h－IC₅₀分别为27.08mg/L、3662.6mg/L、3684.6mg/L和12197mg/L。除NaSCN外,浮萍对其它３种污染物的敏感性与水生动物的敏感性相近。文中还对浮萍试验的反应终点、重复间的偏差及浮萍的实验室培养进行了讨论。采用浮萍生长抑制试验检测植物毒性,不仅克服了藻类生长抑制试验操作繁锁,难以去除废水背景值等缺点,并能更好反映废水毒性的变化。     

RS-1型含硫有机废气燃烧催化剂

考察了RS-1型催化剂对乙硫醇、丁硫醇、二硫化碳、硫酸二甲酯、乙醇、二甲苯等有机物的氧化活动性。实验结果表明,这种催化剂对乙硫醇等含硫有机物均有较高的氧化活性,且有机硫的氧化产物SO_x不与催化剂发生化学反应。经分析检测,氧化产物SO_x放出率接近100％。在反应温度380℃,空速10000h~(-1),乙硫醇和丁硫醇浓度分别为4000—8000mg/m~3、6000—8000mg/m~3时,净化率≥99％。该催化剂适用于净化制药厂、农药厂等生产排放的含硫废气。     

燃煤流化床中N2O生成与分解的均相反应机理

介绍由燃料氮生成Ｎ２Ｏ的主要途径是：ＮＣＯ→ＮＯ→Ｎ２Ｏ＋ＣＯ,ＮＨ＋ＮＯ→Ｎ２Ｏ＋Ｈ;分解Ｎ２Ｏ的主要反应是：Ｎ２Ｏ＋Ｈ→Ｎ２十ＯＨ。分析了挥发分中的燃料氮成分、煤种、炉内温度、过量空气系数、分级与单级燃烧方式等因素对Ｎ２Ｏ排放的影响。