Dissolution of zinc oxide nanoparticles in exposure media of algae,daphnia, and fish embryos for nanotoxicological testing

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are being widely investigated in a bioassay due to potential negative effects to biological receptor. The dissolution of metal nanoparticles such as ZnO NPs is crucial to interpret nanotoxicity results because ZnO NPs can release toxic-free ions in exposure media. In the present study, dissolution of ZnO NPs was evaluated in three selected synthetic media for aquatic toxicological testing: Elendt M4 daphnia medium, OECD algal medium, and fish embryo rearing solution. Both media are currently recommended for OECD testing for daphnia and algae. Time-dependent dissolution of ZnO NPs has been investigated in terms of sonication time to be used for the preparation of aqueous NPs suspension, and dissolution time corresponding to exposure period in toxicity testing. Since sonication is widely applied for NPs dispersion in the most of nanotoxicological testing, the emphasis of this study was on the dissolution of NPs as a function of sonication time. We also investigated the concentration-dependent dissolution of ZnO NPs. Our results demonstrated that dissolution of ZnO NPs was significantly affected by sonication and dissolution time, as well as NPs concentration. This study showed that parameters affecting dissolution of ZnO NPs should be considered in nanotoxicological testing.     

3种氨基糖苷类抗生素对水生生物的时间依赖联合毒性作用比较

以3种氨基糖苷类(AG)抗生素:硫酸安普霉素(APR)、双氢链霉素(DIH)和硫酸链霉素(STS)为研究对象,以生态系统中2类重要的水生生物分解者如青海弧菌(Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67,Q67)和生产者蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa,CP)为受试生物,运用均匀设计射线法设计抗生素三元混合物体系,共5条具有不同浓度配比的射线,应用已建立的分别基于Q67和CP的时间毒性微板分析法系统测试抗生素及其三元混合物射线对Q67和CP在不同暴露时间的毒性。对于Q67和CP,暴露时间分别为0.25、2、4、8、12 h和12、24、48、72、96 h。应用浓度加和(CA)模型分析混合物在不同暴露时间的毒性相互作用。结果表明:APR、DIH和STS及其5条混合物射线对2种指示生物的毒性均具有明显的时间依赖性,且Q67对AG抗生素及其混合物射线的响应比CP的灵敏;以半数效应浓度的负对数p EC50值为毒性大小指标,3种抗生素对2种指示生物的毒性大小顺序随暴露时间的变化而变化,3种AG抗生素对Q67和CP分别在12 h和96 h的毒性大小顺序均为STSDIHAPR;5条具有不同浓度配比的混合物射线对Q67在不同暴露时间的毒性均呈加和作用,但对CP的毒性既有加和作用也有拮抗作用,且拮抗作用随暴露时间和组分浓度配比的变化而变化,表明AG抗生素毒性的联合毒性作用与暴露生物、暴露时间以及混合物组分的浓度配比等有关。     

The origin of high hydrocarbon groundwater in shallow Triassic aquifer in Northwest Guizhou,China

Original high hydrocarbon groundwater represents a kind of groundwater in which hydrocarbon concentration exceeds 0.05 mg/L. The original high hydrocarbon will significantly reduce the environment capacity of hydrocarbon and lead environmental problems. For the past 5 years, we have carried out for a long-term monitoring of groundwater in shallow Triassic aquifer in Northwest Guizhou, China. We found the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbon was always above 0.05 mg/L. The low-level anthropogenic contamination cannot produce high hydrocarbon groundwater in the area. By using hydrocarbon potential, geochemistry and biomarker characteristic in rocks and shallow groundwater, we carried out a comprehensive study in Dalongjing (DLJ) groundwater system to determine the hydrocarbon source. We found a simplex hydrogeology setting, high-level water–rock–hydrocarbon interaction and obviously original hydrocarbon groundwater in DLJ system. The concentration of petroleum hydrocarbon in shallow aquifer was found to increase with the strong water–rock interaction. Higher hydrocarbon potential was found in the upper of Guanling formation (T₂g³) and upper of Yongningzhen formation (T₁yn⁴). Heavily saturated carbon was observed from shallow groundwater, which presented similar distribution to those from rocks, especially from the deeper groundwater. These results indicated that the high concentrations of original hydrocarbon in groundwater could be due to the hydrocarbon release from corrosion and extraction out of strata over time.

     

Effects of water velocity on bulk water quality and biofilm population structure in drinking water distribution systems北大核心CSCD

To study the effect of flow velocity on drinking water distribution systems, bulk water quality was monitored over 28 days, biomass was measured, and 16S rDNA was sequenced on the 28th day using a water distribution simulation system. The relationship between bulk water quality and biofilm was statistically analyzed. Flow velocity of 0.5 m/s yielded the most total organic carbon (TOC) (5.26 ± 0.17 mg/L) in the bulk water, the most bulk water bacteria (lg (n+1/mL-1) = 4.79 ± 0.02), the worst bulk water quality, and the most biofilm bacteria (lg (n+1/cm-2) = 5.48 ± 0.06). A Pearson correlation analysis showed the total number of biofilm bacteria was positively correlated with conductivity (R = 0.73, P < 0.01), turbidity (R = 0.87, P < 0.001), TOC (R = 0.94, P < 0.001), and total bacteria (R = 0.92, P < 0.001), and was negatively correlated with residual chlorine (R = -0.68, P < 0.05). Biofilm diversity was high under the low (0.1 m/s) and high (2.5 m/s) flow rates, but the bacterial diversity of biofilm was the lowest at the 0.5 m/s flow rate, in which Proteobacteria dominated the biofilm community structure. These results suggest that flow velocity affects bulk water quality and biofilm population structure, and water quality and biofilm population structure are interrelated, which provides the theoretical basis for research on biofilms in drinking water distribution systems. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Mycelial culture of wild Inonotus hispidus parasitizing the jujube tree and the cultivation conditions of its fruit body on rice medium北大核心CSCD

Inonotus hispidus is a kind of rare medicinal fungus, and its natural resources are very scarce. Currently, the artificial cultivation technology of I. hispidus is not completely developed, and this reflects on its extremely low biological conversion rate and long cultivation period. In order to improve the bioconversion rate and shorten the production cycle of I. hispidus, we first analyzed the mycelia culture conditions of the collected I. hispidus, and then we further explore the method of domesticated cultivation of its fruiting body in rice medium. During the process of mycelial culture, the suitable temperature, pH, carbon source, and nitrogen source for mycelial growth were selected using the mycelial growth rate as index. During the domesticated cultivation of the fruiting body, the suitable culture medium for its growth was selected using the bioconversion rate as index. Screening results of mycelial culture conditions showed that the optimal culture conditions for the growth of mycelium of the wild I. hispidus were: temperature of 25 °C, initial pH of 6.0, glucose as the carbon source, and yeast extract powder as the source of nitrogen. The results of the domesticated cultivation showed that the biotransformation rate of I. hispidus was higher when using rice as the main medium substrate. The optimal cultivation conditions were: a 0.2% yeast extract content in the nutrient solution, a 1:1.6 ratio of rice to nutrient solution, and a 4 mL inoculum of the liquid strain. Under these conditions, it took about 4 days for the mycelium to grow over the cultivation medium. The time required for the differentiation of the primordium to form fruit bodies was about 20 days, and the bioconversion rate reached 28.70% ± 5.05%. The results of this study indicate the feasibility of using rice as the main substrate for the cultivation of I. hispidus, and it also provide new insights for the finding of new cultivation substrates for other rare medicinal fungi. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

错流式生物滴滤床净化甲苯废气

采用焦化厂污泥为菌源驯化甲苯降解菌,接种错流式生物滴滤床,净化含甲苯废气。研究了生物滴滤床的挂膜启动和长期运行情况,填料和营养液对滴滤床去除能力的影响,并对长期运行的压降进行了观察分析。反应器挂膜启动需要6 d时间,稳定运行的平均去除效率为95％,单位体积最大去除负荷为251 g/(m³·h)。结果表明,采用错流式生物滴滤床可以有效去除甲苯废气;以比表面积大的生物陶粒作为填料以及定期适量更换营养液,均有助于提高生物滴滤床的去除能力;错流式生物滴滤床具有压降小、气液分布均匀的特点。     

脱硫除雾器冲洗喷嘴冲洗特性试验研究

以湿法烟气脱硫工艺中常用的除雾器冲洗喷嘴为研究对象,加工了不同喷嘴芯旋度和排放口倒角半径的喷嘴。经过大量试验,系统地研究了冲洗喷嘴的冲洗流量、扩散角和均匀度的变化规律。研究结果表明,当喷嘴芯旋度为30°,排放口倒角半径在3．5 mm左右时,其冲洗效果较好。     

聚硅硫酸铝的形貌结构和絮凝机理

以工业水玻璃、工业硫酸铝为原料制得聚硅硫酸铝(PASS)复合絮凝剂,采用电子显微镜观察了不同,nAl/n(Si)的PASS的形貌,借助倒置式生物显微镜分析了PASS所形成絮体的形貌并用激光粒度分析仪对絮体粒度分布进行了测定,通过红外光谱和X-射线衍射研究了PASS中铝与聚硅酸的相互作用情况,考察了模拟江水中胶体颗粒物和PASS水解物的Zeta电位随pH值的变化,在此基础上探讨分析了PASS的絮凝机理和絮凝过程.结果发现:nAl/n(Si)对PASS的形貌有较大影响,絮体粒度分布的数据印证了该结果;红外光谱图表明PASS中有Si-O-Al振动峰出现,峰强度随nAl/n(Si)减小而增大;X-射线衍射图证实了聚硅硫酸铝不是晶体,而是铝水解产物与聚硅酸共同作用形成的无定型聚合物;吸附架桥及粘结卷裹作用是PASS絮凝时的主导作用.     

污泥龄对LSP & PNR污泥减量新工艺运行效能的影响

通过研究分析污泥龄（SRT）对富磷污水除磷的LSP&PNR污泥减量新工艺运行效果的影响,结果发现,延长污泥龄有利于提高系统的厌氧释磷能力,但不影响其总的除磷率,同时磷的回收比例增大,当SRT=50 d时,磷回收率取得最大值70.4％;LSP&PNR系统污泥龄增加,还有利于污泥产率的降低。试验还发现,排富磷污水除磷的长污泥龄LSP&PNR系统的除磷效率与污泥产率之间不存在制约关系,即系统可以同时获得优异的污泥减量与生物除磷效果,当SRT=50 d时,每降解1 kg COD仅产生0.143 kg污泥,而除磷率达最高值928％;LSP&PNR系统中SRT、DO与SVI之间存在一定的相关性,在供氧充足（DO＝0.8～1.5 mg/L）条件下,SRT增加,SVI越高,但对于SRT为50 d的LSP&PNR系统,稳定运行时没有污泥膨胀之虞。     

陶瓷膜生物反应器处理生活污水膜污染机理的研究

采用一个经典模型描述了陶瓷膜生物反应器处理生活污水过程中的通量衰减,通过模型参数分析了膜的污染机理.分析结果表明,孔径为50、200和500 nm的陶瓷膜主要由"部分孔堵塞"机理、"完全孔堵塞"机理和"部分孔堵塞"机理控制.实验表明,孔径为200 nm的陶瓷膜较适用于陶瓷膜生物反应器体系.