包装材料及食品中纳米材料的检测与表征技术

随着纳米技术的发展,纳米材料在包装行业及食品工业中得到了广泛的应用。然而,纳米材料的安全应用高度依赖于对其生物及环境效应的了解。有研究表明,纳米材料对人类健康及生态环境存在着潜在危害,这使得纳米材料的安全性成为毒理学领域的热点研究课题。同时纳米材料的安全性问题也成为纳米复合包装材料及纳米食品研究和开发的新瓶颈。在对纳米材料没有充分认识的情况下,为了消费者和生态环境的安全,必须控制包装材料及食品中纳米颗粒的种类、来源、含量及可能的释放,这就需要可靠的方法对纳米颗粒的性质和结构进行检测及表征。首先,综述了目前纳米材料在复合包装材料及食品加工中的应用,然后总结了包装材料及食品中纳米材料的检测技术及表征方法,例如显微技术、色谱分离技术、光谱与质谱技术等。由于纳米材料的理化性质参数众多,应用多种分析手段来检测和表征纳米材料成为必然。最后对目前检测技术及表征方法的不足和今后发展方向进行了探讨。     

吡啶硫酮金属对华美盘管虫抗氧化性的影响

我国近岸局部海域的重金属污染严重威胁着生态环境和人类健康。吡啶硫酮铜(CuPT)和吡啶硫酮锌(ZnPT)在海洋防污和化工产品中的应用近来逐年增加,对其生态毒性及其机理进行研究迫在眉睫。本文以我国南海常见多毛类——华美盘管虫(Hydroides elegans Haswell)为受试生物,研究了CuPT和ZnPT对华美盘管虫的抗氧化系统的影响。试验结果表明在CuPT和ZnPT胁迫下,华美盘管虫体内的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性,以及还原型谷胱甘肽含量(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)含量发生与暴露毒物种类、浓度和时间相关的变化。SOD、CAT和GR的活性在较低浓度(25μg·L~(-1))的CuPT胁迫6 h后呈显著上升趋势,但随暴露时间延长(12 h和24 h),GR的活性显著下降;而暴露于较低浓度(50μg·L~(-1))的Zn PT中,仅SOD活性显著升高,CAT和GR的活性都显著下降。在较高Cu PT(100μg·L~(-1))或Zn PT(200μg·L~(-1))浓度中,CAT和GR的活性都显著下降。GSH含量对Cu PT或Zn PT胁迫的响应呈现明显的时间效应,即随暴露时间的延长,通常由显著上升转为显著下降。MDA含量在Cu PT(100μg·L~(-1))或Zn PT(200μg·L~(-1))高浓度组中呈显著升高趋势。     

Thermal Properties and Biodegradability Studies of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)

For investigating the relationship between thermal properties and biodegradability of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), several films of PHBV containing different polyhydroxyvalerate (HV) fractions were subjected to degradation in different conditions for up to 49 days. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), specimen weight loss and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed to characterize the thermal properties and enzymatic biodegradability of PHBV. The experimental results suggest that the degradation rates of PHBV films increase with decreasing crystallinity; the degradability of PHBV occurring from the surface is very significant under enzymatic hydrolysis; the crystallinity of PHBV decreased with the increase of HV fraction in PHBV; and no decrease in molecular weight was observed in the partially-degraded polymer.     

Assessment of the redistribution of soil carbon using a new index—a case study in the Haihe River Basin,North China

Soil carbon redistribution is an important process in the terrestrial carbon cycle. This study describes a new index, soil carbon redistribution (SCR) index, that can be used to assess long-term soil carbon redistribution at a large watershed scale. The new index is based on the theoretical preconditions that soil carbon redistribution is mainly controlled by vegetation type, precipitation, topography/slope, and soil carbon concentration. The Haihe River Basin served as an example for this analysis. The SCR index was calculated, and a GIS-based map shows its spatial patterns. The results suggested that soil carbon was usually prone to being carried away from mountainous regions with natural vegetation, while it was prone to deposition in the plain and plateau regions with cultivated vegetation. The methods in the paper offer a tool that can be used to quantify the potential risk where soil carbon is prone to being carried away and deposited in a large watershed.     

Environmental mercury contamination of an artisanal zinc smelting area in Weining County, Guizhou, China

To investigate the extent of Hg contamination due to artisanal Zn smelting activities in Weining County, northwestern Guizhou, China, total Hg and methyl mercury (MeHg) concentrations in soil and surface water were determined. Samples of corn plants growing in the study area were also collected for total Hg analysis. A high geometric mean Hg emission factor of 75gHgt(-1)Zn was estimated and significantly elevated total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentrations were found in the atmosphere adjacent to the Zn smelting sites, ranging from 30 to 3814ngm(-3). Total Hg and MeHg concentrations in topsoil samples ranged from 62 to 355microgkg(-1) and from 0.20 to 1.1microgkg(-1), respectively. Total Hg Concentrations in corn plant tissues increased in the order of grains相似文献   

曝气对电解除磷的影响研究

针对高浓度含磷废水,重点分析了电解除磷工艺中曝气对磷去除率、pH、电导率、电极钝化的影响.结果表明:(1)在电流密度为20 mA/cm2、磷初始质量浓度为200 mg/L,初始pH为5.5～6.5的条件下,当曝气量为1.0、1.5、2.0 L/min时,60 min内磷去除率均接近100%,而且出水中未检测出磷,符合<污水综合排放标准>(GB 8978-1996)中一级标准,30～40 min内,磷去除率达到了95%以上,磷残余质量浓度小于10 mg/L,相比未曝气的情况,磷去除率有了显著提高;(2)在电流密度为20 mA/cm2、磷初始质量浓度为200 mg/L、初始pH约为3的条件下,曝气溶液的pH在前30 min呈上升趋势.30 rain后趋于平缓,最终停留在8左右;(3)在电流密度为20 mA/cm2、磷初始质量浓度为200 mg/L、初始pH约为3的条件下,曝气溶液的电导率在整个电解除磷过程中先逐步下降,30～40 min后逐步趋于稳定;(4)曝气对于抑制电极钝化、提高磷去除率有着显著效果.     

Airborne trace element pollution in 11 European cities assessed by exposure of standardised ryegrass cultures

Within a European biomonitoring programme, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) was employed as accumulative bioindicator of airborne trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, Zn) in urban agglomerations. Applying a highly standardised method, grass cultures were exposed for consecutive periods of four weeks each to ambient air at up to 100 sites in 11 cities during 2000–2002. Results of the 2001 exposure experiments revealed a clear differentiation of trace element pollution within and among local monitoring networks. Pollution was influenced particularly by traffic emissions. Especially Sb, Pb, Cr, Fe, and Cu exhibited a very uneven distribution within the municipal areas with strong accumulation in plants from traffic-exposed sites in the city centres and close to major roads, and moderate to low levels in plants exposed at suburban or rural sites. Accumulation of Ni and V was influenced by other emission sources. The biomonitoring sites located in Spanish city centres featured a much higher pollution load by trace elements than those in other cities of the network, confirming previously reported findings obtained by chemical analyses of dust deposition and aerosols. At some heavily-trafficked sites, legal thresholds for Cu, Pb, and V contents in foodstuff and animal feed were reached or even surpassed. The study confirmed that the standardised grass exposure is a useful and reliable tool to monitor and to assess environmental levels of potentially toxic compounds of particulate matter.     

Study Progress and Trends of Strategic Environmental Assessment in China

Strategic environmental assessment （SEA） in China has developed rapidly since it was introduced into China in the 1990s. Chinese government promulgated the Environmental Impact Assessment Law of China （hereinafter referred to as the EIA Law） in 2002. In this law, it is stipulated clearly that regional and sector plans should be assessed. Through investigating materials and analyzing literatures, this article analyses the practical and academic study achievements of SEA in China that have been achieved since the EIA Law was implemented, probes into the current situation of the main level of SEA in China-plan EIA, then summarizes the development characteristics, and eventually, puts forward the development trends of SEA in China. The research conclusions can offer the foundations for comprehending systematically the progress of SEA in China.     

纳米铁去除水中硝酸盐的动力学研究

实验中采用了液相还原法制备新型吸附剂纳米铁。在纳米铁低投放量的条件下,采用间歇实验,分别从初始硝酸盐浓度、溶液pH值和温度的不同外界条件下研究了纳米铁对硝酸盐的去除情况。实验结果表明,硝酸盐初始浓度对反应速率有影响,但对去除率影响不大;溶液pH值为2.0时纳米铁对硝酸盐的去除效果最好;随着温度的升高,纳米铁对硝酸盐的去除率有所增加。以t时刻已反应掉的硝酸盐浓度为切入点,提出拟二级动力学方程。进而确定不同温度下的反应速率常数k。实验中k在50℃时最大,为0.014 mg/（L·min）。反应活化能Ea为17.18 kJ/mol,该反应以质量传递为控制因素。溶液中性条件下硝酸盐氮的还原产物为氨氮。     

多级处理系统中的微生物生态结构和功能

对处理城市污水的多级生物系统工程研究表明,该系统为以细菌为主,包括真菌、酵母和藻类的复合生态系统,微生物类群随处理级数的增加而增多,菌数却随之减少,该系统中的微生物对油、酚有较强的降解力,对重金属有较高的抗性,采用新的硝化细菌综合毒性检测法检测出水水质表明,原污水的毒性降低78%。