近10年来我国污染场地再利用的案例分析与环境管理意义

及时掌握污染场地修复过程中所关注污染物和修复后再利用土地类型信息对深化建设用地环境管理具有重要意义. 本文基于文献调研和信息公示平台资料查询等途径获取了我国537个污染场地案例信息数据,分析了我国近10年来污染场地修复与再利用的变化情况. 统计分析结果表明:我国537个污染场地中约有66%集中在北京市、上海市、浙江省、江苏省和重庆市等先行地区;从2016年《土壤污染防治行动计划》颁布实施开始,场地修复管控数量增势凸显,2018年污染场地修复管控数量达到峰值;原用地类型归属化学工业、金属制品、冶炼等行业的比例较大,且重金属、苯系物为主的再利用挥发性有机物、多环芳烃类为主的半挥发性有机物和总石油烃是典型污染物;在GB 36600—2018《土壤环境质量 建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》实施前后,包含苯系物、多环芳烃类和总石油烃等污染物的出现频次增加趋势最为明显,而有机农药类和多氯联苯(总量)的出现频次有所减少;污染场地用途大部分是敏感用地类型中的居住用地,且这类场地的原行业类型为化学工业、金属制品等特征污染物危害较大的行业. 研究显示,利好政策和标准的颁布与实施促进了我国经济欠发达地区污染场地的修复管控工作,以多环芳烃类为主的半挥发性有机物是我国未来场地土壤环境治理工作的重点,需要进一步提升对再利用类型为敏感用地类型场地的关注.      

外来赤潮生物入侵现状及对赤潮灾害的影响研究

外来赤潮生物入侵加剧了我国近海海域的赤潮灾害。根据2004—2013年的数据统计,分别从赤潮生物优势种、频率、海域分布和赤潮面积4个方面分析了外来赤潮生物对我国近海赤潮灾害的影响,并着重从外来赤潮生物入侵早期预警系统建设、压舱水排放管理和赤潮灾害防治技术3个方面提出应对措施。     

New fetal cardiac imaging techniques

Rapid advances in graphics computing and micro-engineering have offered new techniques for prenatal cardiac imaging. Some of them can be non-invasively applied to both clinical and laboratory settings, including dynamic three-dimensional echocardiography, myocardial Doppler imaging, harmonic ultrasound imaging, and B-flow sonography. With clinical constraints, a few others have been mainly used in laboratories, such as endoscopic ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and biomicroscopy. Appropriate use and co-use of these new tools will not only provide unique information for better clinical assessment of fetal cardiac disease but also offer new ways to improved understanding of cardiovascular development and pathogenesis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mechanism of lead immobilization by oxalic acid-activated phosphate rocks

Lead (Pb) chemical fixation is an important environmental aspect for human health. Phosphate rocks (PRs) were utilized as an adsorbent to remove Pb from aqueous solution. Raw PRs and oxalic acid-activated PRs (APRs) were used to investigate the effect of chemical modification on the Pb-binding capacity in the pH range 2.0-5.0. The Pb adsorption rate of all treatments above pH 3.0 reached 90%. The Pb binding on PRs and APRs was pH-independent, except at pH 2.0 in activated treatments. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the raw PRs formed cerussite after reacting with the Pb solution, whereas the APRs formed pyromorphite. The Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that carbonate (CO₃^2-) in raw PRs and phosphate (PO₄^3-) groups in APRs played an important role in the Pb-binding process. After adsorption, anomalous block-shaped particles were observed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data further indicated that both chemical and physical reactions occurred during the adsorption process according to the binding energy. Because of lower solubility of pyromorphite compared to cerussite, the APRs are more effective in immobilizing Pb than that of PRs.     

梯度负荷下果蔬垃圾厌氧消化性能及微生物群落结构的研究

为优化果蔬垃圾厌氧消化工艺,提高厌氧消化性能,本文通过逐级提高CSTR反应器进料负荷,研究不同负荷下的厌氧消化性能及相应的微生物群落结构变化规律.结果表明,随着进料负荷的增高,容积产气率、甲烷产气量、氨氮、碱度、TCOD、SCOD均逐渐增高,在最高负荷(负荷以VS计)2.50g·L-·1d-1时分别达到最大值:1.22L·L-1d-1,5.10L·d-1,1563.86mg·L-1,7572.23mg·L-1,13283.26mg·L-1,2075.03mg·L-1,甲烷含量及VFA分别稳定在52.46%～54.59%和(879.30±18.69)mg·L-1;同时利用PCR-DGGE技术系统分析了厌氧消化中细菌与古细菌的群落结构,测序结果表明,整个过程中拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)、甲烷鬃菌(Methanosaeta)及甲烷螺菌(Methanospirillum)为优势微生物,随着负荷的提高,甲烷鬃毛菌(Methanosaeta)活性逐渐降低;聚类分析及主成分分析表明,低负荷条件下(1.50g·L-·1d-1、1.75g·L-·1d-1),微生物种类(细菌、古细菌)差别不明显,且基本处于同一阶段.     

野鸭湖湿地挺水植物磷素截留量动态变化分析

野鸭湖湿地位于官厅水库上游,在截留养分、预防水库水体富营养化方面发挥着重要作用.通过野鸭湖湿地中4种优势挺水植物(茭白、扁秆藨草、香蒲、芦苇)的分布区域研究,分析了植物生物量及养分元素磷含量随季节的动态变化特征,得到了研究区域内4种挺水植物对磷素截留总量的动态变化.结果表明,研究区域内4种优势挺水植物地上部分磷含量为茭白>香蒲>扁秆藨草>芦苇;地下部分磷含量呈现茭白>扁秆藨草>香蒲>芦苇的分布特点;4种植物的地上部分和地下部分磷含量均随生长季节而降低;4种植物的单位面积磷素蓄积能力存在明显差异,表现为茭白>香蒲>扁秆藨草>芦苇的规律,其单位面积蓄积峰值依次为4910、4140、2190和1390g.m-2;研究区域内挺水植物磷素蓄积总量在夏季达到峰值2210.8kg,最小值出现在冬季,为1263.5kg;区域内上、中、下游挺水植物的磷素截留总量依次递减.     

城市再生水景观利用水华识别和预警方法探讨

城市再生水景观回用的主要问题是水体富营养化导致水华的暴发。为了抑制藻类的大规模生长,需要提前采取预防措施,以便将有可能爆发水华的藻类及时杀死或除去。目前,人们已经对景观水体中常见藻类的生长规律做了深入的研究,发现水体中藻数量(藻密度)的多少与水体的pH值和DO值的变化有密切而相对稳定的关系。通过在线实时监控pH值和DO值,找到△pH、△DO与藻类生长之间的关系,并结合pH、DO、温度、正磷酸盐和总氮等指标,实现实时识别和预测水华爆发的目的。     

铜前驱体对Cu/SSZ-13催化剂选择性催化氧化NH3性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了一系列Cu/SSZ-13(X)催化剂,考察不同铜前驱体对催化剂选择性催化氧化氨(NH_3-SCO)性能的影响,并通过ICP、N_2吸附-脱附、XRD、XPS、EPR、UV-Vis、NH_3-TPD和H_2-TPR等手段对催化剂进行物化性质表征.活性测试结果表明,不同铜前驱体制备的Cu/SSZ-13催化剂活性顺序为Cu/SSZ-13(N) Cu/SSZ-13(AC) Cu/SSZ-13(Cl) Cu/SSZ-13(O).其中Cu/SSZ-13(N)具有最佳的低温活性,在200℃反应温度下NH_3转化率达85.5%,且N_2选择性达到80%以上.XRD、EPR和UV-Vis分析表明,CuO和孤立Cu~(2+)是Cu/SSZ-13催化剂的主要铜物种.NH_3-TPD分析表明,以硝酸铜为前驱体制备的Cu/SSZ-13(N)具有更多的酸性位点,有利于提高催化剂的NH_3吸附能力.H_2-TPR结果表明,Cu/SSZ-13(N)的氧化还原性最强,具有最优异的NH_3活化能力,从而使催化剂呈现最好的低温NH_3-SCO活性.     

Characteristics of volatile organic compounds, NO2, and effects on ozone formation at a site with high ozone level in Chengdu

Chengdu is a megacity in the southwest of China with high ozone (O₃) mixing ratio. Observation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), NO₂ and O₃ with high temporal resolution was conducted in Chengdu to investigate the chemical processes and causes of high O₃ levels. The hourly mixing ratios of VOCs, NO₂, and O₃ were monitored by an online system from 28 August to 7 October, 2016. According to meteorological conditions, Chengdu, with relative warm weather and low wind speed, is favorable to O₃ formation. Part of the O₃ in Chengdu may be transported from the downtown area. In O₃ episodes, the average mixing ratios of NO₂ and O₃ were 20.20?ppbv and 47.95?ppbv, respectively. In non-O₃ episodes, the average mixing ratios of NO₂ and O₃ were 16.38?ppbv and 35.15?ppbv, respectively. The average mixing ratio of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 40.29?ppbv in non-O₃ episodes, which was lower than that in O₃ episodes (53.19?ppbv). Alkenes comprised 51.7% of the total O₃ formation potential (OFP) in Chengdu, followed by aromatics which accounted for 24.2%. Ethylene, trans-pentene, propene, and BTEX (benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, m/p-xylene, o-xylene) were also major contributors to the OFP in Chengdu. In O₃ episodes, intensive secondary formations were observed during the campaign. Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), such as acetone, Methylethylketone (MEK), and Methylvinylketone (MVK) were abundant. Isoprene rapidly converted to MVK and Methacrolein (MACR) during O₃ episodes. Acetone was mainly the oxidant of C3-C5 hydrocarbons.     

Temporal variability of visibility and its parameterizations in Ningbo, China

Simultaneous and continuous measurements of visibility, meteorological parameters and air pollutants were carried out at a suburban site in Ningbo from June 1, 2013 to May 31,2015. The characteristics of visibility and their relationships with air pollutants and meteorological factors were investigated using multiple statistical methods. Daily visibility ranged from 0.6 to 34.1 km, with a mean value of 11.8 km. During the 2-year experiment,43.4% of daily visibility was found to be less than 10.0 km and only 9.2% was greater than 20.0 km. Visibility was lower in winter with a frequency of 53.4% in the range of 0.0–5.0 km.Annual visibility had an obvious diurnal variation, with the lowest and highest visibility being 7.5 km at approximately 06:00 local time and 15.6 km at approximately 14:00 local time, respectively. Multiple correspondence analysis(MCA) indicated that the different ranges of visibility were significantly affected by different levels of pollutants and meteorological conditions. Based on the analyses, visibility was found to be an exponential function of PM_(2.5) concentrations within a certain range of relative humidity. Thus, nonlinear models combining multiple linear regressions with exponential regression were subsequently developed using the data collected from June 2014 to May 2015, and the data from June 2013 to May 2014 was used to evaluate the performance of the model. It was demonstrated that the derived models can quantitatively describe the relationships between visibility, air quality and meteorological parameters in Ningbo.