二苯甲酮类紫外防晒剂发光菌急性毒性及QSAR研究

二苯甲酮类化合物广泛用于防晒剂、塑料添加剂、香味剂等。随着紫外防晒产品的大量使用,其环境及健康风险越来越受到人们的关注。为揭示二苯甲酮类污染物的毒性特征,选择了14种二苯甲酮类化合物作为目标化合物,测试了它们对发光细菌的急性毒性效应。分别运用二维、三维定量构效相关技术和分子对接技术探讨了目标化合物的分子结构特征对毒性效应的影响。结果表明14种二苯甲酮类化合物对发光菌急性毒性的EC50值在17.67到243.82 mg·L-1范围内,其中2-羟基-4-甲氧基-5-磺酸基二苯甲酮的急性毒性最低,2,2',4,4'-四羟基二苯甲酮的毒性最高。羟基取代的二苯甲酮化合物的急性毒性随着分子中羟基数量的增加而升高;具有相同羟基数量的二苯甲酮类化合物,羟基位于苯环4-位时毒性最高,3-位时次之,2-位时毒性最低。QSAR结果表明,运用静电场、氢键受体场和氢键供体场能很好解释这类化合物的毒性特征,若在苯环4-位引入带正电荷的官能团、在苯环2-,4-位引入氢键受体,都将导致毒性升高。上述研究结果将为科学评价该类化合物的潜在生态风险提供基础数据。     

污水再生处理工艺中卡马西平的去除过程模拟及其生态风险评价

卡马西平在污水和水环境中广泛存在,且对水生生态系统安全构成风险,因此成为目前研究较多的药品之一。以北京清河再生水厂为例,研究"超滤—臭氧氧化—氯消毒"处理工艺中卡马西平的去除特性,并针对臭氧氧化和氯消毒工艺建立模拟卡马西平去除过程的机理模型。同时,利用美国环境保护署ECOTOX数据库,获取卡马西平对北京市水生生物物种的毒性数据,并基于毒性数据建立物种敏感度分布(species sensitivity distribution,SSD)模型,评价再生水厂出水补给地表水体时卡马西平产生的生态风险。臭氧氧化和氯消毒模型对卡马西平、总有机碳、氨氮等指标的模拟误差总体低于20%,模型的灵敏参数均可以被较好地识别,且其不确定性显著下降。对比7种SSD模型发现,对数正态分布和对数Logistic分布模型较好地拟合了北京市6个物种的卡马西平毒性数据,二者预测得到的总体生态风险期望值分别为7.4%和8.5%。     

The Influence of the Biometric Parameters on Metallothionein and Metal Level in the Heat-Treated Cytosol of the Whole Soft Tissue of Transplanted Mussels

The influence of the biometric parameters (shell mass, whole soft tissue mass, condition index) on MT and metal levels in the heat-treated cytosol of the whole soft tissue of transplanted mussels was studied over the period of one year. The positive correlation of three metals (Cd, Fe, Zn) with the shell mass indicated to time-dependent increase of their contents. Strong correlation of Mn content with the whole soft tissue mass (r = 0.74, p < 0.0001), and almost identical changes of these two parameters over the year make Mn a good indicator of mussel's condition. As opposed to the other metals, Cu content does not exhibit connection with biometry. On the other hand, MTs are highly influenced by biometry. As much as 65% of their variability could be explained by the changes of the shell mass and the whole soft tissue mass. Consequently, it is difficult to distinguish if the obtained positive correlation between Cd and MTs (r = 0.48, p < 0.05) reflects MT induction by Cd, or Cd accumulation as a result of age-dependent increase of MTs. Due to the strong influence of the biometry on MT level, the whole soft tissue is not considered as the best choice for measuring MTs as a biomarker. Better option would be to isolate a specific tissue that shows indisputable connection between MT induction and metal accumulation.     

关于做好齐齐哈尔市环境保护信访工作的几点体会

本文论述了齐齐哈尔市环保信访工作的特点,阐述了做好环境信访工作的体会。     

沈阳市环境空气质量天气模式预报方法

应用2003年和2004年6月~8月天气形势资料和同期环境空气自动监测数据进行统计分析,建立夏季天气模式预报方法,同时应用2005年资料进行验证,预报效果较好,环境空气中首要污染物———可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的级别预报准确率、趋势预报准确率和总站发布预报范围准确率分别达到60%、80%和90%,该预报方法可作为业务预报使用。     

城市污水纳米材料混凝强化一级处理研究

对nano-SiO2与PAC复配使用强化混凝处理城市污水进行了实验研究.探讨了nano-SiO2在水中的分散效果、nano-SiO2强化混凝的工艺条件及强化效果.实验表明,与常规PAC强化混凝相比,nano-SiO2强化混凝能有效提高城市污水的除污效果、改善矾花沉降性能、缩短沉淀时间、提高城市污水化学絮凝强化一级处理工艺的抗冲击能力.同时投加nanoSiO2(25 mg/L)与PAC(75 mg/L)后,先快速搅拌(250r/min)2 min,然后慢速搅拌(60r/min)8 min,再沉淀3 min,出水COD、TP及浊度去除率分别为50.47%、79.84%和90.93%,较单独投加PAC(75 mg/L)分别提高28.43%、39.94%和62.18%.     

Retrieval of total suspended matter (TSM) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration from remote-sensing data for drinking water resources

The concentrations of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and total suspended matter (TSM) are major water quality parameters that can be retrieved using remotely sensed data. Water sampling works were conducted on 15 July 2007 and 13 September 2008 concurrent with the Indian Remote-Sensing Satellite (IRS-P6) overpass of the Shitoukoumen Reservoir. Both empirical regression and back-propagation artificial neural network (ANN) models were established to estimate Chl-a and TSM concentration with both in situ and satellite-received radiances signals. It was found that empirical models performed well on the TSM concentration estimation with better accuracy (R ² = 0.94, 0.91) than their performance on Chl-a concentration (R ² = 0.62, 0.75) with IRS-P6 imagery data, and the models accuracy marginally improved with in situ spectra data. Our results indicated that the ANN model performed better for both Chl-a (R ² = 0.91, 0.82) and TSM (R ² = 0.98, 0.94) concentration estimation through in situ collected spectra; the same trend followed for IRS-P6 imagery data (R ² = 0.75 and 0.90 for Chl-a; R ² = 0.97 and 0.95 for TSM). The relative root mean square errors (RMSEs) from the empirical model for TSM (Chl-a) were less than 15% (respectively 27.2%) with both in situ and IRS-P6 imagery data, while the RMSEs were less than 7.5% (respectively 18.4%) from the ANN model. Future work still needs to be undertaken to derive the dynamic characteristic of Shitoukoumen Reservoir water quality with remotely sensed IRS-P6 or Landsat-TM data. The algorithms developed in this study will also need to be tested and refined with more imagery data acquisitions combined with in situ spectra data.     

高校突发事件应急救援志愿者救援模式研究

为有效应对高校突发事件,迅速开展应急救援,通过理论分析、数学建模及现场实验法研究应急救援志愿者救援能力,构建以学生为第1响应人的高校突发事件应急救援模式.结果表明:基于理论与实验方法建立的应急救援队伍能够实现有效应急救援,具有现实可行性,可为高校应急救援志愿者队伍建设提供理论依据.     

Kinetic and isotherms studies of phosphorus adsorption onto natural riparian wetland sediments: linear and non-linear methods

Riparian wetlands provide critical functions for the improvement of surface water quality and storage of nutrients. Correspondingly, investigation of the adsorption characteristic and capacity of nutrients onto its sediments is benefit for utilizing and protecting the ecosystem services provided by riparian areas. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and pseudo-second-order kinetic model were applied by using both linear least-squares and trial-and-error non-linear regression methods based on the batch experiments data. The results indicated that the transformations of non-linear isotherms to linear forms would affect the determination process significantly, but the non-linear regression method could prevent such errors. Non-linear Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms both fitted well with the phosphorus adsorption process (r ²?>?0.94). Moreover, the influences of temperature and ionic strength on the adsorption of phosphorus onto natural riparian wetland sediments were also studied. Higher temperatures were suitable for phosphorus uptake from aqueous solution using the present riparian wetland sediments. The adsorption capacity increased with the enhancement of ionic strength in agreement with the formation of inner-sphere complexes. The quick adsorption of phosphorus by the sediments mainly occurred within 10 min. The adsorption kinetic was well-fitted by pseudo-second-order kinetic model (r ²?>?0.99). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectra analyses before and after phosphorus adsorption revealed the main adsorption mechanisms in the present system.     

Grasslands changes in the Northern Songnen Plain,China during 1954–2000

Songnen Plain in Northeast China is one of the most significantly altered biological hotspots on Earth. Based on the information from integrated topographic maps, Landsat MSS, TM/ETM images and geographic information systems, grassland cover change, grassland fragmentation, agricultural reclamation, and saline–alkaline wasteland expansion in the region were investigated for the period of 1954 to 2000. The results showed that the native grassland decreased by 44.6 × 10⁴ ha and moderate density grassland decreased from 78.3 × 10⁴ to 20.3 × 10⁴ ha. Calculated from change dynamic model, the annual decrease rate of grassland was 1.1%.The distribution center of the grasslands illustrated a trend of shifting southeastward. The distance between centroids of grassland was 10.1 km. The numbers of grassland patch increased by 1,378, while the patch size of grasslands declined. Grassland experienced substantial clearing and fragmentation. The decreased grassland was converted into cropland, wetland, and saline–alkaline wasteland. The loss and degradation of grasslands was closely related to regional climate during the past 47 years. Population and livestock number increased significantly as grassland quality decreased. Intensive human activities including irrational reclamation and overgrazing may have accelerated the degradation of grasslands.