超声协同下镍铁双金属化合物催化降解水溶液中的四氯化碳

以水合肼作为还原剂、PVP作为稳定剂,在碱性条件下借助水热途径制备了Fe Ni3双金属化合物,并对其物相结构与外观形貌进行了表征。在超声协同作用下用自制的Fe Ni3化合物微粉作为催化剂对水溶液中的四氯化碳进行了催化降解处理,考查了超声功率、催化剂加入量、温度和p H值对四氯化碳降解效果的影响,同时,与超声辅助还原铁粉降解四氯化碳进行了比较。结果表明,Fe Ni3化合物对于水溶液中的四氯化碳具有显著的催化降解作用,催化剂投加量增大,四氯化碳的降解率升高。在给定的实验条件下,温度对四氯化碳降解效果的影响最为显著,40℃时,15 min内四氯化碳的降解率即可达到94.61%,而且其降解效果明显优于还原铁粉(68.34%)。     

CuO NPs短期暴露对SBR水处理效果的影响

研究了不同浓度氧化铜纳米颗粒(CuO NPs)对序批式活性污泥工艺(SBR)中化学需氧量、氨氮、总磷、硝态氮和亚硝态氮去除率的影响。实验结果表明,当环境中浓度为1 mg/L和10 mg/L的CuO NPs短期暴露时(1 d),其对活性污泥生存能力和周期内有机物去除、脱氮除磷都没有造成急性影响。经过20 d的短期运行,对SBR系统出水COD、氨氮、总磷、硝态氮和亚硝态氮也没有造成明显的影响。活性污泥呼吸抑制实验结果显示,CuO NPs对活性污泥的呼吸抑制作用与浓度呈正相关性,浓度越高呼吸抑制现象越明显,低浓度CuO NPs对活性污泥活性并没有明显的抑制作用。     

光催化降解内分泌干扰物双酚A的响应面分析与优化

对光催化降解内分泌干扰物双酚A进行了研究,使用响应面方法(RSM)结合中心组合设计(CCD),对光催化过程中的影响因素(光强、Ti O2浓度、初始双酚A浓度)进行了探讨和分析,构建响应面模型,并对反应条件进行了优化。此响应面模型能够较好地模拟实验结果,可以用于探索设计空间。优化的最佳反应条件为:Ti O2浓度1.80 g/L、初始双酚A浓度41.08 mg/L、UV光强6.61 m W/cm2,预测和实验最大双酚A去除率分别为81.5%和82.3%,数值比较接近,说明此响应面模型能够有效描述光催化反应过程,优化光催化反应条件,为光催化技术工程应用和光反应器设计提供技术参考。     

Determination of picogram quantities of chlortoluron in soil samples by luminol–chitosan chemiluminescence system

Based on the enhancing effect of chitosan (CS) on luminol-dissolved oxygen chemiluminescence (CL) reaction, a flow injection (FI) luminol–CS CL system was established. It was found that the increase of CL intensity was proportional to the concentrations of CS ranging from 0.7 to 10.0 μmol l^?1. In the presence of chlortoluron (CTU), the CL intensity of luminol–CS system could be obviously inhibited and the decrements of CL intensity were linearly proportional to the logarithm of CTU concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 70.0 ng ml^?1, giving the limit of detection 3.0 pg ml^?1 (3σ). At a flow rate of 2.0 ml min^?1, the whole process including sampling and washing could be accomplished within 36 s, offering a sample throughput of 100 h^?1. The proposed FI–CL method was successfully applied to the determination of CTU in soil samples with recoveries ranging from 95.0 % to 105.3 % and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of less than 4.0 %.     

粉煤灰制备混凝剂及其砸黄河水的处理效果

以粉煤灰和铁泥为原料、加入一定量NaCl作助溶剂室温下制备粉煤灰混凝剂,考察酸灰比与酸浓度对Fe3＋、Al“溶出率及混凝剂对黄河水处理效果的影响。结果表明,Fe3＋、A13＋的最佳溶出条件为酸灰比3mL／g、HCl浓度4mol／L,此时Fe“溶出率为28．1％,浓度为11．81g／L;A13＋溶出率为5．2％,浓度为1．86g／L。粉煤灰混凝剂对黄河水的处理效果在投加量2．38mL／L、沉降时间30min、pH6．2～7．5时最佳,对浊度、ss和COD。。平均去除率分别为89．7％、83．6％和62．3％,优于传统市售混凝剂PAC和Fc,Fe3＋、AI3＋同时存在有利于各自优势的发挥从而提高混凝效果。     

太原市汾河公园再生水补水方案优化模拟

为了解决汾河公园景观水体因缺乏稳定充足的补水水源而导致的水景效果下降、水质逐渐变差的困境,考虑将再生水作为其主要的补水水源。使用EFDC—WASP水动力水质耦合模型对不同的再生水补水方案下汾河公园水质时空变化进行了模拟。结果显示,当公园采用人工湿地深度处理后的再生水联合水库水共同补水时,除TN指标浓度部分时段内出现超过V类标准限值50％的情况,其他TP、COD、NHf—N主要水质指标浓度均能有效地维持在地表水Ⅱ～Ⅲ类标准,并且叶绿色a浓度始终保持在较低水平。该结果表明,再生水经人工湿地深度处理后联合水库共同补水方案可以作为汾河公园景观水系的推荐补水方案。     

铂铈共掺杂纳米TiO2的制备、表征及光催化性能

以钛酸四丁酯为前驱体,过氧化氢为氧化剂,采用简单易行的低温氧化法制备出晶粒尺寸较小（平均尺寸25nm）的二氧化钛纳米粒子。通过贵金属Pt掺杂TiO2（Pt-TiO2）、稀土元素Ce掺杂TiO2（Ce-TiO2）和Pt、Ce共掺杂TiO2（Pt／Ce-TiO2）的掺杂的方法对二氧化钛进行改性。通过XRD,XPS,TEM,紫外漫反射等表征手段对制备的样品进行表征。通过可见光下降解罗丹明B来测试其光催化活性。实验结果表明,由ce掺杂的TiO2光催化剂对有机污染物的最大降解能力略大于Pt掺杂的TiO2,2种元素进行共同掺杂时对应的TiO2光催化剂降解能力最大。     

采用分层采样技术对场地地下水污染物进行三维空间描述

地下水单一混合层采样所需建井及采样技术较简单,曾被广泛应用于地下水监测,但根据该技术所得地下水污染物数据进行污染场地地下水污染羽和污染程度描述,常常存在较严重的偏差。以某氯代烃污染场地为例,详细阐述了巢式监测井的建井及分层采样技术,并以该场地主要污染物氯乙烯和氯仿为例,对比了来自不同采样技术的两个主要污染物数据,证实了采用分层采样技术对污染场地地下水进行调查,具有更好的准确性和可靠性。     

贫营养条件下2种MBR污泥微生物的菌群对比

为了揭示贫营养环境下MBR污泥微生物群落结构的演替和菌群变化的异同,取洗浴再生水、工业再生水MBR的污泥进行周期培养,利用PCR-DGGE和克隆测序技术获得了DNA指纹图谱并建立系统发育树。研究表明,微生物群落结构在贫营养条件下演替明显,洗浴水污泥微生物形成新的优势菌群(Uncultured Pseudomonas)而工业水只维持了原有的部分菌群(Uncultured Sphaerotilus)。2种污泥培养过程中种群多样性变化突出且差异显著。同时洗浴水污泥菌群相似性在培养第8天时发生突变而工业水总体变化平缓。克隆测序表明2种MBR污泥中既有与贫营养环境适生的共性种属又有与各自来源相对应的特性种属。菌群特异性与废水来源紧密相关,是造成2种污泥对贫营养环境适应能力不同的根本原因。     

Gaseous pollutants emitted from a mechanical biological treatment plant for municipal solid waste: Odor assessment and photochemical reactivity

The concentrations and chromatographic profiles of gaseous pollutants emitted from a municipal solid waste (MSW) biological treatment plant were investigated to identify the major odor substances and atmospheric photochemical reactive species (PRS). Four methods were used to measure different gaseous pollutants in this study, including colorimetric tubes, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry/flame ionization detection/pulsed flame photometric detection (GC-MS/FID/PFPD) preceded by cold trap concentration, GC-FID preceded by solid-phase microextraction (SPME), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after derivation by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). Seventy-five gaseous compounds belonging to nine groups (nitrogen compounds, sulfur compounds, alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, terpenes, alcohols, carbonyls, and volatile fatty acids [VFAs]) were identified. In the pre-biotreatment facility, the total concentration of the gaseous pollutants reached the maximum value on day 7 (317 ppm). During the post-biotreatment process, the total concentration of gaseous pollutants decreased from 331 ppm at the beginning to 162 ppm in the end. The group with the greatest decrease was carbonyls, from 64 to 7.4 ppm, followed by alcohols, from 40 to 4.5 ppm, which were both oxygenated compounds. The proportion of aromatics was notably high in the pre-mechanical treatment facility, accounting for 50.6% of the total, revealing the xenobiotic compounds disseminated by stirring and agitating the waste in the initial stage. The proportions of nitrogen compounds were lower in the pre- and post-mechanical treatment facilities (1.5% and 6.9%) than in the pre- and post-biotreatment facilities (11.9% and 13.8%), suggesting that their generation was closely associated with waste degradation. The major odor compounds in the facilities were acetic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, and dimethyl sulfide. The major PRS in the facilities were aromatics, acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde, hexanal, isopentyl aldehyde, alcohol, α-pinene, limonene, and terpinene. Outside the facilities, VFAs and aromatics were the most important compounds causing an environmental impact.

Implications: The aim of this work is to assess the gaseous environmental impacts of mechanical biological treatment technology. The emission of gaseous pollutants greatly affects the living quality of nearby residents and odor complaints are becoming a major problem now. In this study, the authors utilized various pretreatment and analytical methods to obtain integrated emission information of gaseous pollutants. The results showed the transformation and fate of the gas pollutants during the treatment processes, which would help to improve the processes and to mitigate gaseous pollution.

Supplemental Materials: Supplemental materials are available for this paper. Go to the publisher's online edition of the Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association for information on the concentrations of the nine compound families at different sampling locations in the plant.