川南城市群冬季大气细颗粒物中金属元素特征及其来源解析

为探究川南城市群（自贡、泸州、内江和宜宾）冬季大气重污染过程中PM_2.5 中金属元素的浓度特征和来源,在2018年12月30日至2019年1月14日,使用膜采样方法对PM_2.5 中的金属元素进行测定,并运用富集因子法（EF）和正定矩阵因子分解法（PMF）对金属元素来源进行解析.同时采用自贡市在2015年同期金属元素观测数据,探究自贡市在“大气十条”实施中期与实施结束后的金属元素污染与富集程度变化情况.结果表明:①不同城市细颗粒物中各金属元素浓度与占比差异不大,4个城市中浓度与占比较高的元素呈现相似性,Al、Sb和Fe元素占比位于前列.从自贡市不同观测期对比来看,除Tl外各元素浓度均有变化.②富集因子计算结果表明,城市群中Cr（自贡与宜宾）、Ni、Cu、As、Se、Ag、Cd、Sb、Tl和Pb元素的富集程度较高.自贡市不同观测期的元素富集程度对比显示,除Cu元素外,2018年冬季观测期各元素富集程度均有减小趋势.③PMF源解析结果表明,各城市中金属元素主要来源为扬尘源、燃煤源、工业源与交通源,同时各污染源之间存在混合贡献.各城市主要污染源贡献不同,自贡以交通扬尘源与混合源为主;泸州以工业源为主;内江市各污染源贡献占比相近;而宜宾市则以交通源为主导.     

低温下氨氮对淡水浮游藻生长及群落结构影响的生态模拟研究

为了探讨春季藻类快速生长的机制,研究较低温度下氨氮对淡水浮游藻类生长及群落结构变化的影响,对南开大学新开湖水体藻类进行了室内生态模拟试验研究.在10℃、125μmol·m·s-1光强条件下,培养液中氨氮最终浓度设置为1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0mg·L-1和对照组(不添加氨氮),每隔1～2天加入氨氮至初始设定值,培养时间为26d.结果表明,浮游藻类在1.0mg·L-1组生长最好,最大生长密度为1.53×105cells·L-1,高于对照组;浮游藻类在高于2.0mg·L-1处理组中生长明显受到抑制,抑制作用随着氨氮浓度的增大而增大,其中3.0mg·L-1处理组的最大生物量仅为5.4×104cells·L-1.随着培养时间的进行硅藻逐渐取代绿藻而成为绝对优势藻,随着藻类的生长,粗刺四刺藻(Treubaria crassispina)在所有处理组中由优势种而逐渐消失,近缘针杆藻(Saffinis affinis)和新月藻(Closterium lunula)在培养后期逐渐成为优势种,但在不同氨氮浓度下表现出不同生长密度.除1.0mg·L-1处理组外,其它处理组中的物种多样性指数差异不显著(p>0.05).氨氮影响浮游藻类的生长,影响优势种的变化,并且对浮游藻类的群落结构变化有一定的影响.     

Numerical and experimental studies of turbulence in vegetated open-channel flows

Environmental Fluid Mechanics - A numerical model based on the double-averaged (spatial and ensemble averaged) method has been developed to simulate vegetated free surface flows. The classical $$k...     

欧盟化学物质法规管理选择分析对我国化学物质环境管理的启示

法规管理选择分析(RMOA)是欧盟对受关注的化学物质在法定管理方面开展的具体问题具体分析的策略,即"一品一策".其能够促使主管部门在决策化学物质的管控法规时尽快达成共识,并有力地支撑欧盟高关注物质路线图(SVHC Road-map)和一体化规管战略(IRS)的实施.RMOA是一项有效的法规管理与选择决策的程序,但我国对于RMOA的研究尚处于起步阶段.本研究介绍了RMOA这项决策的产生和发展,分析了该决策所取得的成果,阐明了其在欧盟化学物质管理中作用与意义.提出了适合中国化学物质法规管理选择分析的方法,以期对我国化学物质环境风险管理体系的建立健全提供参考.     

硫酸铜和马度米星铵联合暴露对鲫鱼的毒性和效应标记物研究

为探究硫酸铜和马度米星铵对水产动物的生态毒性,本研究以鲫鱼为模型,从急性毒性、亚急性毒性和遗传毒性3个方面研究硫酸铜和马度米星铵单一与联合暴露对鲫鱼的毒性效应.结果 表明,硫酸铜对鲫鱼96 h的半数致死浓度(50％ lethal concentration,LC50)为3.6 mg·L-1,硫酸铜和马度米星铵联合暴露时,硫酸铜对鲫鱼的96 h-LC50为1.4 mg· L-1,马度米星铵对鲫鱼的96 h-LC50为4.2 mg·L-1,硫酸铜对鲫鱼为高等毒性;硫酸铜和马度米星铵对鲫鱼的联合毒性表现为协同作用.染毒第7天,硫酸铜和马度米星铵均可影响过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPx)的活性,随着剂量和染毒时间的增加,CAT和GPx的活性逐渐下降.硫酸铜和马度米星铵单一或联合暴露7d或21 d显著下调cat基因表达,对sod和gpx基因表达无显著影响.染毒后期,染毒组谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate transaminase,AST)和碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)活性及丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量均高于对照组.硫酸铜和马度米星铵单一及联合染毒均能诱导鲫鱼红细胞产生微核,微核数与硫酸铜和马度米星铵的浓度呈正相关;随着硫酸铜和马度米星铵浓度的增加,肝细胞的脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA)出现断裂,彗星尾部所占比例逐渐升高;高浓度联合染毒组红细胞微核率和肝细胞尾部DNA百分比显著高于单一染毒组.硫酸铜和马度米星铵联合暴露可导致鲫鱼血液毒性、肝细胞氧化损伤及遗传毒性的加和性,为评估Cu2+与马度米星铵复合污染对鲫鱼的生态毒性提供基础数据和理论依据.     

中药抗菌剂对费氏弧菌的单一及联合毒性效应

抗生素滥用所导致的环境问题日益受到人们的关注,寻找传统抗生素的可能替代品迫在眉睫.从中药中提取的具有抗菌活性的化合物(简称中药抗菌剂)因具有资源丰富、抗菌谱广和不良反应低等特点,有望成为未来替代抗生素的关键.因此,有必要探究中药抗菌剂的毒性效应,这可以对未来中药抗菌剂使用后的生态风险提供指导.本文以费氏弧菌作为模式生物,分别测定了大黄素(emodin,EMO)、大黄酸(rhein,RH)、芦荟大黄素(aloe-emodin,AE)和双氢青蒿素(dihydroartemisinin,DHA)4种中药抗菌剂对费氏弧菌的单一和多元联合毒性,同时进行了抑菌作用机理的初步讨论.结果 表明,4种中药抗菌剂对费氏弧菌的生物荧光均能产生较为明显的抑制作用,毒性排序是EMO＞RH＞AE＞DHA.而当EMO、RH、AE和DHA混合暴露时,混合物在高浓度区间的联合毒性作用模式均为拮抗,推测是受试中药抗菌剂之间互相竞争性地对NADH脱氢酶产生抑制作用,从而导致对发光反应的抑制作用较单一暴露时减弱.本研究对未来中药抗菌剂单一及联合毒性效应的研究具有积极的推动作用,有望为今后中药抗菌剂的生态风险评价提供参考.     

砷尾矿污染土壤的细菌群落结构多样性及其相关环境影响因子分析

以湖南石门雄黄尾矿污染土壤为对象,研究纵向不同深度、横向不同距离土样中的重金属污染程度以及细菌群落结构变化规律,查明砷污染土壤的核心微生物组成并将其与土壤理化指标进行共存网络图分析。结果表明:该尾矿区的土壤各项重金属指标严重超标,尤以铅(626.54 mg·kg^?1,Ei=105.48)、砷(1804.75 mg·kg^?1,Ei=565.75)、镉(31.46 mg·kg^?1,Ei=7491.5)的生态危害性最强;土壤采样深度与重金属综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)呈显著正相关(r=0.79,P=0.000),而横向样品中RI与采样距离显著负相关(r=?0.85,P=0.000)。在污染土壤中,变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria,54.35%±17.16%)和放线杆菌门(Actinobacteria,22.39%±10.64%)占主导地位,属层级中假单孢杆菌属(Pseudomonas,16.47%±11.84%)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter,8.07%±7.11%)以及硫酸状杆菌属(Acidithiobacillus,7.53%±14.68%)相对丰度较高;而26个共享类群占据了该尾矿污染土壤中微生物群落总平均相对丰度90%以上,尽管不同属的具体相对丰度在不同样品间的分布趋势差异较大。纵剖采集的污染土样中,铁原体属(Ferroplasma)、硫酸状杆菌属(Acidithiobacillus)、硫化杆菌属(Sulfobacillus)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)占优势,与理化的共存网络图分析(相关系数|r|≥0.6,P<0.05)显示部分类群与亚铁、游离态砷和镉成显著正相关,而与pH成显著负相关;横向采集的土样中,以嗜酸菌属(Acidiphilium)、假单孢杆菌属(Pseudomonas)、棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium)、硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)等为主,部分类群与总砷、铅成显著正相关,而与结合态或包蔽型砷成显著负相关。综上,该研究不仅对目标区域尾矿不同重金属污染程度进行了分析,同时探讨了污染土壤中核心响应类群的组成多样性,为筛选潜在重金属抗性菌群或工程菌群提供理论基础。     

Sewage sludge ditch for recovering heavy metals can improve crop yield and soil environmental quality

• Indirect use of sludge in ditches alongside plants was tested in field experiments. • The dried and stabilized sludge in ditches was recovered with heavy metals. • Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in the planted soil were all in a safe range. • The indirect use of sludge increased plant yield, soil N content and C storage. The treatment and disposal of municipal sewage sludge (MSS) is an urgent problem to be resolved in many countries. Safely using the nutrients within MSS to increase crop yield and enhance the fertility of poor soil could contribute to achieving sustainable development. An indirect use of MSS in ditches alongside Pennisetum hybridum plants was studied in field plots for 30 months and the contents of heavy metals and macronutrients were monitored in soil, sludge and plant samples. We found that the yield of P. hybridum was significantly increased by 2.39 to 2.80 times and the treated plants had higher N content compared with no sludge. In addition, the organic matter (OM) and N contents in the planted soil increased significantly compared with the initial soil. The OM content in the planted soil of the MSS treatment was 2.9 to 5.2 times higher than that with no sludge, and N increased by 2.0 to 3.8 times. However, MSS had no significant effect on the N, P and K contents in the soil at the bottom of the MSS ditch, and the content of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn) were also within the safe range. Moreover, the moisture content and phytotoxicity of MSS after this indirect use were reduced and the heavy metal contents changed little, which is favorable to the further disposal of recovered MSS. Therefore, this indirect use of MSS is beneficial to agricultural production, soil quality and environmental sustainability.     

Using hydrochemical signatures to characterize the long-period evolution of groundwater information in the Dagu River Basin,China

• The long-period groundwater evolution was identified by hydrochemical signatures. • The dominant processes in the groundwater evolution were verified. • Groundwater quality in the coastal areas was susceptible to deterioration due to SI. • Groundwater contamination arose from fertilizer, livestock manure & domestic sewage. The evolution of hydrochemical compositions influenced by long-period interactions between groundwater and the geo-environment is a fundamental issue for exploring groundwater quality and vulnerability. This study systematically investigated the hydrochemical processes and anthropogenic interference occurring in the river basin by bivariate plots, Gibbs diagrams, saturation index, and the major ions ratios. Apparent changes in groundwater hydrochemistry have been observed in the study area, illustrating the origins of major ions are affected by various internal and external factors. Results highlighted that TDS varied from freshwater to brackish water, ranging between 187.90 and 2294.81 mg/L. Ca²⁺ and HCO₃⁻ are the dominant ions in the studied samples. The results gained by Gibbs diagrams, bivariate plots, saturation index, and the major ions ratios demonstrated that minerals dissolution/precipitation, cation exchange, and human inputs play crucial roles in the unconfined aquifers. Moreover, the overuse of nitrogen fertilizer, livestock manure, and industrial/domestic sewage led to nitrate and nitrite contamination and brought significant challenges to the surrounding hydrogeo-environment. The present study could make an unambiguous identification of natural processes and anthropogenic interventions influencing groundwater hydrochemistry’s long-period evolution and create a preliminary strategy for groundwater resources management.     

行政正当程序视角下环境公众参与制度的规范与完善

行政正当程序理论是环境公众参与制度的理论基础。2014年修订的《中华人民共和国环境保护法》中已经确立以环境公众参与权为核心的环境公众参与制度,但是对于公众参与的规范特别是参与权的规范过于笼统。面对实践中参与主体类型界分不明、多项权利内容规范缺失、法律责任规范效力存疑及环境行政管理规范不足等问题,本文建议应以行政正当程序理论为指导,实现参与主体的类型化界分,细化公众参与权利内容,增加公众参与法律责任条款,并完善环境行政管理公众参与规范。