Influence of coal particles on methane/air mixture ignition in a heated environment

The temperature at which coal dust glows is normally much lower than the auto-ignition temperature (AIT) of methane/air mixtures, and thus a better understanding is needed regarding methane/air ignition in a heated environment in the presence of coal particles. A horizontal tube apparatus was used to test the effect of brown coal and two kinds of bituminous and anthracite on methane/air combustibility. For the four coal samples tested, the presence of coal particles significantly reduced the minimum temperature for ignition of methane/air mixtures in a heated environment. No. 1 bituminous coal with 12 mm diameter decreased the ignition temperature value from 595 to 500 °C. It is thought that pre-ignition of low-AIT volatiles emitted from the heated coal particles ignited the methane/air mixtures. Volatiles, sulfur content, and large porosity of piled coal particles all enhanced ignition of methane/air mixtures in a hot environment, while water content and small particle size reduced ignition. For anthracite, no ignition occurred when temperatures of the heated environment were lower than the AIT of methane (595 °C), except for the 12-mm-diameter sample. Anthracite did not readily ignite methane/air mixtures and the ignition mechanism was somewhat similar to that of a burning cigarette.     

Quantitative risk analysis of urban natural gas pipeline networks using geographical information systems

This paper presents a novel quantitative risk analysis process for urban natural gas pipeline networks using geographical information systems (GIS). The process incorporates an assessment of failure rates of integrated pipeline networks, a quantitative analysis model of accident consequences, and assessments of individual and societal risks. Firstly, the failure rates of the pipeline network are calculated using empirical formulas influenced by parameters such as external interference, corrosion, construction defects, and ground movements. Secondly, the impacts of accidents due to gas leakage, diffusion, fires, and explosions are analyzed by calculating the area influenced by poisoning, burns, and deaths. Lastly, based on the previous analyses, individual risks and social risks are calculated. The application of GIS technology helps strengthen the quantitative risk analysis (QRA) model and allows construction of a QRA system for urban gas pipeline networks that can aid pipeline management staff in demarcating high risk areas requiring more frequent inspections.     

RETRACTED:

Jianfeng Li  Sandra M.Y. Lee  Wenmao Liu 《Process Safety and Environmental Protection》2013,91(3):213-220

Emergy analysis of cassava vinasse treatment

Vinasse has great pollution to the environment. A number of technologies have been explored for reducing the pollution of vinasse. Sustainability has become an important factor when discussing wastewater treatment techniques. Emergy analysis was used to evaluate the treatment of cassava vinasse in this paper. Cr (emergy consumption ratio) as a new emergy index was proposed to measure the impact of waste treatment to the society. Centrifugal solid–liquid separation, UASB (up-flow anaerobic sludge bed), and SBR (sequencing batch reactor activated sludge process) are used in the treatment process. The emergy indices for cassava vinasse treatment system were as follows: EYR (emergy yield ratio) was 6.20, ELR (environmental loading ratio) was 5.81, ESI (emergy sustainability index) was 1.07, and Cr was 4.60E+12 sej/m³. The emergy of coal electricity accounts for 46% of all purchased inputs. It is necessary to improve the treatment technology to reduce the electricity used.     

人体装甲测试用模拟破片的应用与发展

模拟破片是人体装甲防弹性能测试评价的主要试验弹体.本文对人体装甲和模拟破片进行了阐释,分析了模拟破片的应用背景,对国内外现状进行了对比分析,对标准模拟破片的确定以及爆炸破片的发展进行了探讨,提出了开展新型模拟破片及其测试技术研究的重要意义.     

矿工不安全行为致因分析及控制

探讨和研究人的不安全行为产生原因及控制已成为预防矿难发生的热点问题。针对现场获得的矿工不安全行为（“三违”）事件,从生理和心理效价、经济效价、时间效价、法规执行成本、危险压力成本五个方面进行致因分析,采用模糊聚类方法,选取适当的阈值λ,将不安全行为的产生分为三个基本要素,即:安全知识不足、安全技能不够、安全意识淡薄。鉴于目前对“三违”人员通常采取行政处罚,以及对安全知识和技能的培训流于形式,未能杜绝三违的重复发生,提出了针对不安全行为成因进行针对性的安全教育模式,并且取得了良好效果。     

医院住院楼层人员疏散的观测及模拟研究

研究医院这类特殊公共场所的人员疏散,提出了一种对特殊公共场所人员疏散研究的思路和方法,首先分析医院人群组成复杂、速度差异大等的特点,然后通过调研采集医院人群类别及速度等真实数据,重新标定经验模型中的运动参数,进而通过模拟对某医院住院楼的骨科楼层和儿科楼层分别从速度和人员对出口熟悉度两个方面进行分析,结果发现速度差异过大会产生间歇性人流,熟悉度对人员疏散的影响会因人的跟随行为而削弱,但对疏散过程中滞后的人员至关重要。     

地铁站内空气幕防烟效果的数值模拟研究

地铁站内站台层发生火灾时,站台层的烟气会通过站台层到站厅层的楼扶梯蔓延至站厅层。为了研究楼扶梯口处设置空气幕对站台层烟气的阻挡效果,进行了数值模拟研究。主要研究空气幕的出口风速,出口射流角度对烟气的阻挡效果。设置的空气幕风速有3m/s,4m/s,5m/s,10m/s;设置的角度有0°,15°,30°。通过模拟对比空气幕前后温度变化,得出风幕风速为4m/s或者5m/s时即可较好阻挡烟气。角度为15°的空气幕比0°和30°的空气幕挡烟效果好。     

竖井横截面积对隧道自然排烟效果影响的实验研究

在1∶6尺寸城市隧道实验台上开展了一系列试验,研究了不同火源功率、竖井横截面尺寸条件下隧道自然排烟竖井的排烟效果。结果表明,竖井的横截面尺寸直接影响竖井内烟气运动的驱动力大小,从而影响排烟效果。在一定的火源功率下,竖井横截面积过小时难以有效排出烟气,面积过大将会产生过于强烈的烟囱效应,导致排烟口下方空气被直接排出,排烟效果显著下降;竖井横截面积一定时,在不同的火源功率下,竖井放置方式同样影响竖井的排烟效果。     

地铁车站及隧道全尺寸火灾实验研究(3)—车站隧道火灾

为了研究烟气在地铁车站隧道内的蔓延特征,及在车站隧道通风排烟系统、区间隧道通风排烟系统及车站公共区通风排烟系统联合排烟情况下烟气控制效果,在一地铁车站隧道内开展了全尺寸火灾实验.实验研究了车站隧道顶部横向排烟作用下的烟气扩散规律,及烟气的温度变化,分析了屏蔽门开关状态下烟气与空气的卷吸混合特性,及区间风机的气流组织对通风排烟的影响.实验结果对于地铁车站隧道火灾防排烟设计提供了数据支持.