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991.
Kinetic degradation processes of butyl- and phenyltins in soils 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The degradation of organotin compounds (OTC) in agricultural and forest soils is studied in sandy soil samples. Individual experiments involving the three butyl- and the three phenyltins were carried out during 90 d in controlled conditions (darkness, 28 degrees C, aerobic conditions, 13% moisture) and with spiking concentration representative of environmental levels (20-50 micrg(Sn) kg(-1)). After the validation of first-order degradation kinetic model, mechanisms involved throughout the study were considered. Degradation pathways are proposed for butyl- and phenyltins and discussed according to literature data. The degradation of mono- (MBT, MPhT), di-organotins (DBT, DPhT) and TBT is clearly identified as a single successive loss of an organic group whereas TPhT is directly degraded to MPhT. The half-life times were dependent on their substitution degree, ranging from 24 (TPhT) to 220 (MBT) d. The less substituted the OTC is, the more persistent it is. In the range 4.3-5.7, pH does not seem to influence OTC degradation under the present operating conditions. Finally this study shows the significant persistence in soil samples in our experimental conditions for most of studied organotins and highlights the potential impact on soil quality. 相似文献
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994.
系统测试和分析了新拌混合砂浆和易性和硬化砂浆轴心抗压强度、静力受压弹性模量、泊松比、干表观密度、导热系数、干燥收缩率随三元乙丙(EPDM)橡胶粉代砂体积分数增加的变化程度和规律.橡胶粉可以改善新拌混合砂浆的和易性,降低硬化混合砂浆强度、弹性模量、表观密度和导热系数,提高其泊松比和干燥收缩率.低弹性模量、高泊松比、高干缩值橡胶粉混合砂浆将使其更能适应新型墙体材料性能的要求,有利于减小墙体裂缝的产生;低表观密度、低导热系数橡胶粉混合砂浆将有利于提高墙体的隔热保温性能. 相似文献
995.
以专利为衡量技术创新水平指标,对国内外企业环境技术创新水平的差异进行了分析.研究结果表明,1986~2005年期间,国内外企业环境技术创新水平逐年增强,不过我国企业的环境技术创新主体地位仍未建立;同国外企业相比,我国企业的原始技术创新能力不强.由于国内企业技术创新受到经济因素的影响,节约资源和清洁能源类环境技术比污染控制技术较多一些.在环境技术创新领域,无论国内还是国外,规模大、国际知名度高的企业占据了重要地位.基于我国企业仍未具备很强的环境技术创新能力,建议国家在构建环境技术创新体系时,应增加企业环境技术创新的经济、人力投入,尤其需要加强对大型企业环境技术创新的支持力度,发挥其规模效应. 相似文献
996.
从冬季时污水处理厂曝气池的活性污泥中分离出高生物活性的耐冷细菌和耐冷酵母菌,以低温生活污水为处理对象,分别测定单株菌及混合耐冷菌群有机污染物降解能力.结果表明,共分离出从属于黄杆菌属、假单胞菌属、芽胞杆菌属等的耐冷细菌6株;从属于毕赤酵母菌属、假丝酵母菌属、红酵母菌属等的耐冷酵母菌4株.耐冷菌在5℃条件下具有相对较短的世代时间:9.04~13.11 h.单株耐冷细菌F和耐冷酵母菌AH在5℃条件下的COD去除率分别为64%和83%.混合耐冷菌群经驯化后可较高地去除低温生活污水中的有机污染物,COD去除率可保持在83%~87%. 相似文献
997.
Vacuum pyrolysis of waste tires with basic additives 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
Granules of waste tires were pyrolyzed under vacuum (3.5-10kPa) conditions, and the effects of temperature and basic additives (Na(2)CO(3), NaOH) on the properties of pyrolysis were thoroughly investigated. It was obvious that with or without basic additives, pyrolysis oil yield increased gradually to a maximum and subsequently decreased with a temperature increase from 450 degrees C to 600 degrees C, irrespective of the addition of basic additives to the reactor. The addition of NaOH facilitated pyrolysis dramatically, as a maximal pyrolysis oil yield of about 48wt% was achieved at 550 degrees C without the addition of basic additives, while a maximal pyrolysis oil yield of about 50wt% was achieved at 480 degrees C by adding 3wt% (w/w, powder/waste tire granules) of NaOH powder. The composition analysis of pyrolytic naphtha (i.b.p. (initial boiling point) approximately 205 degrees C) distilled from pyrolysis oil showed that more dl-limonene was obtained with basic additives and the maximal content of dl-limonene in pyrolysis oil was 12.39wt%, which is a valuable and widely-used fine chemical. However, no improvement in pyrolysis was observed with Na(2)CO(3) addition. Pyrolysis gas was mainly composed of H(2), CO, CH(4), CO(2), C(2)H(4) and C(2)H(6). Pyrolytic char had a surface area comparable to commercial carbon black, but its proportion of ash (above 11.5wt%) was much higher. 相似文献
998.
This paper reviews several models developed to support decision making in municipal solid waste management (MSWM). The concepts underlying sustainable MSWM models can be divided into two categories: one incorporates social factors into decision making methods, and the other includes public participation in the decision-making process. The public is only apprised or takes part in discussion, and has little effect on decision making in most research efforts. Few studies have considered public participation in the decision-making process, and the methods have sought to strike a compromise between concerned criteria, not between stakeholders. However, the source of the conflict arises from the stakeholders' complex web of value. Such conflict affects the feasibility of implementing any decision. The purpose of this study is to develop a sustainable decision making model for MSWM to overcome these shortcomings. The proposed model combines multicriteria decision making (MCDM) and a consensus analysis model (CAM). The CAM is built up to aid in decision-making when MCDM methods are utilized and, subsequently, a novel sustainable decision making model for MSWM is developed. The main feature of CAM is the assessment of the degree of consensus between stakeholders for particular alternatives. A case study for food waste management in Taiwan is presented to demonstrate the practicality of this model. 相似文献
999.
Identification of barley genotypes with low grain Cd accumulation and its interaction with four microelements 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
The variation in grain cadmium (Cd) concentrations was evaluated among 600 barley genotypes grown in the same field condition to select low Cd accumulating genotypes. The results showed that there is considerable genotypic variation in grain Cd concentrations in barley grain samples, with the mean concentration of 0.16 mg kg(-1) DW and the variation of 0 (not detected) to 1.21 mg kg(-1) DW, and 47.2% of the grain samples exceeded the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) for Cd in cereal grains. In addition, differences between genotypes over the two years were fairly consistent, and Beitalys and Shang 98-128 showed the lowest grain Cd concentration, being 97.5% lower than that in the two highest Cd accumulators E-barley 6 and Zhenong 8 in the second harvest year. The great genotypic differences in Cd concentrations indicated that it is possible to lower Cd content of barley through cultivar selection and breeding for use at sites where Cd concentration in grain exceeds the MPC. Significant genotypic difference was also found in microelement concentrations. Correlation analysis showed that only Mn accumulation is synergetic with Cd accumulation, despite slightly positive relationship between Cd and Zn, Cu, or Fe in accumulation in barley grains. 相似文献
1000.
Sánchez-Rodas D Sánchez de la Campa AM de la Rosa JD Oliveira V Gómez-Ariza JL Querol X Alastuey A 《Chemosphere》2007,66(8):1485-1493
An arsenic speciation study has been performed in PM10 samples collected on a fortnight basis in the city of Huelva (SW Spain) during 2001 and 2002. The arsenic species were extracted from the PM10 filters using a NH2OH x HCl solution and sonication, and determined by HPLC-HG-AFS. The mean bulk As concentration of the samples analyzed during 2001 and 2002 slightly exceed the mean annual 6 ng m(-3) target value proposed by the European Commission for 2013, arsenate [As(V)] being responsible for the high level of arsenic. The speciation analyses showed that As(V) was the main arsenic species found, followed by arsenite [As(III)] (mean 6.5 and 7.8 ng m(-3) for As(V), mean 1.2 and 2.1 ng m(-3) for As(III), in 2001 and 2002, respectively). The high levels of arsenic species found in PM10 in Huelva have a predominant industrial origin, such as the one from a nearby copper smelter, and do not present a seasonal pattern. The highest daily levels of arsenic species correspond to synoptic conditions in which the winds with S and SW components transport the contaminants from the main emission source. The frequent African dust outbreaks over Huelva may result in an increment of mass levels of PM10, but do not represent a significant input of arsenic in comparison to the anthropogenic source. The rural background levels of arsenic around Huelva are rather high, in comparison to other rural or urban areas in Spain, showing a relatively high atmosphere residence time of arsenic. This work shows the importance of arsenic speciation in studies of aerosol chemistry, due to the presence of arsenic species [As(III) and As(V)] with distinct toxicity. 相似文献