繁茂膜海绵、抗生素和加大水交换量对大菱鲆水环境中病原细菌调控效果的比较

探讨利用繁茂膜海绵(Hymeniacidon perlevis)调控大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)水环境中病原细菌的可行性,并与抗生素和加大水交换量的调控效果对比。在1.5 m3大菱鲆水环境(15~18℃)中持续实验六周,与对照组相比,海绵处理组平均粪大肠菌群、致病性弧菌和总细菌分别降低了60.0%~90.2%、37.6%~81.6%和45.1%~83.9%;抗生素(10 mg/L+10 mg/L呋喃西林)处理组三类细菌分别降低了6.7%~60.8%、-11.9%~48.4%和-4.8%~52.3%;水交换量加倍组三类细菌分别降低了25.0%~82.7%、26.8%~82.7%和15.8%~78.8%。结果表明,繁茂膜海绵能有效调控大菱鲆水环境中病原细菌,其效果好于抗生素(10 mg/L+10 mg/L呋喃西林)和水交换量加倍的调控效果。     

Fenton法对老龄垃圾渗滤液难降解有机毒物的削减

采用Fenton法进行削减老龄垃圾渗滤液难降解有机毒物的实验,研究了初始pH值、Fe2+投加量、H2O2投加量、反应时间等对难降解有机毒物削减效果的影响,采用呼吸耗氧速率法和发光细菌的相对发光度法评估了Fenton法对处理前、后老龄垃圾渗滤液可生化性的改善程度和生物毒性削减情况。结果表明:当初始pH值为3.0,Fe2+投加量为17.6 mmol/L,H2 O2投加量为88.2 mmol/L(n(H2 O2)/n(Fe2+)=5),反应时间为2 h时,Fenton法对难降解有机物去除率达到84.7%,以COD表征的有机物去除率达到60.3%。经Fenton法处理后水样呼吸耗氧速率较原水提高了3.35倍,可生化性显著提高;发光细菌相对发光度从原水的1.9%提高到57.2%,处理后渗滤液的生物毒性得到较大幅度削减。     

可液化土层对土⁃地下结构地震反应的振动台试验设计∗

液化区域与结构的相对位置和液化场地产生的大位移,对地下结构的动力响应存在很大的影响。基于此,采用振动台试验,针对目前地铁区间隧道建设中常见的单层双跨断面形式结构,开展了一系列振动台试验。系统阐述了本次大型振动台试验中方案设计相关内容,包括相似关系设计、地基土制备、结构模型制备、防水处理、试验测试技术与传感器布置、试验工况设置等,并对液化场地自由场工况的地基土地震反应进行分析。结果表明：本次系列试验设计方案可以形成较好的液化宏观试验现象;模型箱的边界效应较小;相同地震动峰值条件下 Kobe 波和北京人工波作用时,土体产生的剪切变形最大,名山波作用下土体产生的剪切变形最小。试验设计思路和前期试验结果可以为振动台后期试验的顺利展开做好准备工作。     

Significant work events and counterproductive work behavior: The role of fairness,emotions, and emotion regulation

In this diary study, we investigated multi‐level predictors of daily counterproductive work behavior (CWB) relying on the theoretical frameworks of affective events theory and the emotion‐centered model of CWB. We assessed significant work events, event‐based fairness perceptions, negative emotional reactions to work events, and employee CWB over a 10‐day period. We tested within‐person relations predicting CWB, and cross‐level moderating effects of two emotion regulation strategies (suppression and reappraisal). Results from a multi‐level path analysis revealed that significant work events had both direct and indirect effects on negative emotional reactions. Further, negative emotional reactions in turn mediated the relationships between significant work events and all forms of daily CWB as well as the relationship between event‐based fairness perceptions and daily CWB‐O. Results also supported the moderating role of reappraisal emotion regulation strategy on relations between significant work events and negative emotional reactions. Less support, however, was found for the moderating influence of suppression on the link between negative emotional reactions and CWB. Among the broad work event categories we identified, our supplemental analyses revealed that negative work events involving interactions with supervisors elicited the highest levels of employee negative emotional reactions. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Purification of contaminated paddy fields by clean water irrigation over two decades

Paddy fields near a mining site in north part of Guangdong Province, PR China, were severely contaminated by heavy metals as a result of wastewater irrigation from the tailing pond. The following clean water irrigation for 2 decades produced marked rinsing effect, especially on Pb and Zn. Paddy fields continuously irrigated with wastewater ever since mining started (50 years) had 1,050.0 mg kg^?1 of Pb and 810.3 mg kg^?1 of Zn for upper 20 cm soil, in comparison with 215.9 mg kg^?1 of Pb and 525.4 mg kg^?1 of Zn, respectively, with clean water irrigation for 20 years. Rinsing effect mainly occurred to a depth of upper 40 cm, of which the soil contained highest metals. Copper and Cd in the farmlands were also reduced due to clean water irrigation. Higher availability of Pb might partly account for more Pb transferred from the tailing pond to the farmland and also more Pb removal from the farmland as a result of clean water irrigation. Neither rice in the paddy field nor dense weeds in the uncultivated field largely took up the metals. However, they might contribute to activate metals differently, leading to a different purification extent. Rotation of rice and weed reduced metal retention in the farmland soil, in comparison with sole rice growth. Harvesting of rice grain (and partially rice stalk) only contributed small fraction of total amount of removed metal. In summary, heavy metal in paddy field resulted from irrigation of mining wastewater could be largely removed by clean water irrigation for sufficient time.     

Effects of fertiliser and intercropping on cadmium uptake by maize

This study investigated the effect of fertilisation and intercropping on the uptake of cadmium (Cd) by maize plants (Zea mays L. var. Guangtian-2). Maize was intercropped with soybean, peanut, chickpea, alfalfa, adzuki bean, garden pea, amaranth, Chinese mustard, and flowering Chinese cabbage. The results showed that most legumes substantially enhanced Cd uptake by maize under different fertiliser treatments. Cd accumulation in the leaf tissues of maize was increased by garden pea to 1.5 times the amount in the control (maize alone) with PK fertiliser. Maize intercropped with garden pea absorbed 1225 μg plant^?1 Cd and transferred 925.9 μg plant^?1 Cd to above ground tissues. Adzuki bean proved as the most valuable intercrop for enhancing Cd extraction from soil by maize owing to its relatively large maize bioconcentration factor of 5.9 and large transfer factor of 0.47 in the no fertiliser treatment. The results suggest that legumes caused a greater effect than non-legumes on Cd concentration in maize under different fertilisers; application of NPK fertiliser had positive effects on Cd level in intercropped maize.     

不同林龄木麻黄人工林生物多样性与土壤养分状况研究

木麻黄（Casuarina equisetifolia）是我国东南沿海海岸防护林骨干树种。本文对广东省茂名市木麻黄防护林开展了不同林龄的种群结构、植物多样性、以及土壤养分特征的研究。结果表明,滨海沙地木麻黄群落在生长过程中有明显的自疏现象,18年林个体数（975株·hm-2）不足3年林个体数一半（2350株·hm-2）,3年至6年龄木麻黄生长最快。调查林地内共有植物27种,其中灌木8种,草本植物18种。随林龄的增长,林下植物种数显著增加,多样性指数、均匀度指数逐步增加,优势度指数下降。林地土壤有机碳、全氮与速效氮供应水平极低;土壤磷供应相对较好,表层有效磷一般高于3.5mg·kg-1。土壤有效养分与植物多样性显著相关,显示养分是植物定居的主要限制因素。结果表明,木麻黄林结构简单,生物多样性低,土壤养分贫乏。     

基于PSO优化逻辑斯蒂曲线的水资源安全评价模型

论文引入“压力-状态-响应”框架模型构建区域水资源安全定量评价的指标体系,采用逻辑斯蒂（Logistic）曲线模拟区域水资源安全评价,公式中的参数采用粒子群算法（PSO）进行优化,并用灵敏度分析的方法对公式进行了可靠性分析。优化好的Logistic指数公式用于安徽省16个地级市水资源安全评价,计算得到各地级市评价指数和相应的评价等级,并对压力层、状态层、响应层子系统进行分析。评价结果表明,基于粒子群算法优化的Logistic指数公式用于区域水资源安全评价,具有合理性和可行性,能为区域水资源规划与管理决策提供科学依据。     

Assessing heavy-metal contamination and sources by GIS-based approach and multivariate analysis of urban–rural topsoils in Wuhan,central China

Nine potentially harmful heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Ni, and Zn) were measured in 477 topsoil samples collected from urban–rural areas in the city of Wuhan in order to identify their concentrations and possible sources, and characterize their spatial variability for risk assessment. Results showed that in most rural areas heavy-metal concentrations in soil were similar to their natural background values, but Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn concentrations were relatively higher in densely populated districts and around industrial facilities. Multivariate analyses (correlation matrix, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis) indicated that Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn were mainly derived from anthropogenic inputs, and Co, Cr, and Mn were controlled by natural source, whereas Ni appeared to be affected by both anthropogenic and natural sources. The result of risk assessment indicated that nearly 48% of the study area suffered from moderate to severe contamination.     

重庆紫色土区不同森林恢复类型对土壤质量的影响

为了探讨不同森林恢复类型对土壤质量的影响,对南方紫色土区4种主要森林恢复类型及对照地土壤物理和化学特性进行了比较研究。结果表明：4种森林类型的土壤质量均高于长期干扰下对照的土地,天然次生林土壤质量又高于人工林,5种不同状况下土壤质量综合指数由大到小为：天然次生林（0.97）、石栎（Lithocarpus glaber）×木荷（Schima superba）阔叶混交林（0.77）、枫香（Liquidambar formsana）×木荷×石栎×香樟（Cinnamomum camphora）阔叶混交林（0.67）、杉木纯林（0.41）、对照（0.04）。导致人工林和对照地土壤质量相对较低的主要原因是：周期性的森林抚育使土壤结构较差、凋落物量较低和土壤养分流失严重。研究表明,在植被恢复初期阶段,自然恢复是最大限度发挥森林功能的有效途径。