氮沉降对华北落叶松叶特性和林下土壤特性的短期影响

以50 a生华北落叶松天然次生林为研究对象,采用全生长季野外多水平林地施氮对比试验的方法,结合树叶特性和林下土壤理化性质测定,设置对照（CK,0 g·m-2·a-1）、低氮（LN,8 g·m-2·a-1）、高氮（HN,15 g·m-2·a-1）3个施氮水平,进行短期氮沉降模拟试验,分析了短期氮沉降对华北落叶松针叶及林下0~10、10~20 cm两层土壤中土壤营养动态的影响,为华北落叶松林的群落结构优化调整、可持续经营管理提供理论依据。研究结果表明：为期一个生长季的短期施氮显著增加了华北落叶松林下0~20 cm土壤层中TOC、NH4＋-N、NO3–-N的含量,却未影响土壤pH值和TN含量,且对表层（0~10 cm）土壤的影响更明显,但整个生长季内月份间的变化较大。短期施氮也导致50 a生华北落叶松针叶的宽度（W）、长度（L）、氮含量（LN）、比叶面积（SLA）和投影面积（PA）显著增加,但未影响叶生物量（LM）和叶有机碳含量（LC）。同时,叶氮含量与0~20 cm层、10~20 cm层土壤中全氮含量以及10~20 cm层土壤中NH4＋-N含量显著正相关,叶有机碳含量则与0~20 cm层土壤有机碳含量和0~10 cm层土壤全氮含量亦呈正相关关系。以上结果说明,华北落叶松天然次生林处于氮限制状态,短期氮沉降可能会提高土壤肥力并促进树木的生长,有利于华北落叶松天然次生林生产力的提高。     

Complexation of iron by salicylic acid and its effect on atrazine photodegradation in aqueous solution

The photodegradation of atrazine and the photochemical formation of Fe(II) and H₂O₂ in aqueous solutions containing salicylic acid and Fe(III) were studied under simulated sunlight irradiation. Atrazine photolysis followed first-order reaction kinetics, and the rate constant (k) corresponding to the solution of Fe(III)-salicylic acid complex (Fe(III)-SA) was only 0.0153 h^?1, roughly one eighth of the k observed in the Fe(III) alone solution (0.115 h^?1). Compared with Fe(III) solution, the presence of salicylic acid significantly enhanced the formation of Fe(II) but greatly decreased H₂O₂ generation, and their subsequent product, hydroxyl radical (˙OH), was much less, accounting for the low rate of atrazine photodegradation in Fe(III)-SA solution. The interaction of Fe(III) with salicylic acid was analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and UV-visible absorption, indicating that Fe(III)-salicylic acid complex could be formed by ligand exchange between the hydrogen ions in salicylic acid and Fe(III) ions.     

太子河流域本溪段水生生物的群落特征及其主要水质影响因子分析

着生藻类和底栖动物作为指示生物评价水环境状况已被广泛应用于各类水体状况的监测与评价中,以此对太子河流域的水生生物群落和水环境因子关系进行研究,对整个流域的水环境管理有着极其重要的作用。基于2009年7月丰水期和2010年1月平水期太子河流域本溪段着生藻类和底栖动物的调查数据,通过因子分析和典范对应分析,探讨水生生物群落结构与水质污染因子的空间分布特征。结果表明：太子河本溪段着生藻类为4门22科29属,以硅藻门为优势门类;底栖动物3门10科13属,以环节动物门为优势门类。NH3-N是影响水生生物空间格局的主要水质污染因子,水量是影响太子河流域水生生物群落结构的重要环境因子。     

不同类型植物篱对长江上游坡耕地土壤养分含量及坡面分布的影响

在调查分析长江上游现有坡耕地植物篱的配置方式、生长状况和室内分析植物篱-坡耕地系统中土壤养分含量和颗粒组成的基础上,对3种坡耕地-植物篱系统中土壤养分含量及其分布特征进行了研究,结果表明：在坡耕地-植物篱系统中,植物篱能显著改善和提高植物篱带内表层土壤的养分含量,不同植物篱带内土壤有机质、全氮、水解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾平均质量分数比带间坡耕地土壤分别提高了59.1%、83.5%、56.2%、83.3%、149.6%、14.0%、153.1%,植物篱带内土壤阳离子交换量比带间坡耕地土壤提高了21.6%。植物篱带内比带间坡耕地土壤沙粒质量分数减小了9.4%,粘粒质量分数增加了21.6%,在植物篱系统中土壤粘粒质量分数与土壤养分含量在3种植物篱系统内表现出一致的规律性,自篱间坡耕地至植物篱带呈增加的趋势,至植物篱带下土壤粘粒和土壤养分含量减小。     

本质阻燃PA纤维及纤维（织物）阻燃技术最近进展

本文首先概论了纤维（织物）阻燃技术,其次重点讨论了两种含磷本质阻燃PA纤维,一种是由含磷羟基羧酸或含磷二元羧酸与己二胺及己二酸共缩聚而后纺丝制得．另一种是用螺环磷酰氯与PA66及PA6纤维反应制得,后者具膨胀性。最后是综述了纤维（织物）阻燃技术的最新进展,包括新型表面改性技术及纳米技术等。     

芬兰的白夜

号称“千湖之国”的芬兰,是欧洲北部的一个国家,它所处的纬度最高,占国土三分之一的北部地区在北极圈以内。漫长的冬季,黑夜沉沉,白昼时间很短,北极圈内还会出现极夜现象,最北部地区一年中有四五十天不见太阳,只有绮丽的极光经常映现天际。     

井下巷道-矿车系统风流扰动特征规律实验研究

针对井下巷道-矿车系统易造成巷道风流紊乱、影响矿井通风系统安全稳定性的问题,建立巷道-矿车系统风流扰动模式及影响因素体系,提出表征巷道-矿车系统的风流扰动特征的关键参数,包括巷道扰动风阻、阻塞比、矿车位置,推导矿车运行至巷道不同位置时巷道-矿车系统扰动风阻计算公式,研究巷道风速、阻塞比与巷道风阻的关系。研究结果表明：矿车在巷道中顺风行驶的速度大于风速时,巷道-矿车系统对通风系统进行增压调节;当矿车逆风行驶时,巷道-矿车系统的风阻随着矿井通风系统供风量的增大而减小,最大扰动为矿车驶出巷道时刻,阻塞比与巷道风阻呈现线性递增关系;此外,小风速、小断面巷道运行的矿车对巷道-矿车系统的风阻影响较大,模型求解结果与实测数据的最大误差为6.84%。研究结果可为矿井通风系统的智能化调控提供理论依据。     

Temporal distribution and potential sources of atmospheric mercury measured at a high-elevation background station in Taiwan

Measurements of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM), and particulate mercury (PHg) have been conducted at Lulin Atmospheric Background Station (LABS) in Taiwan since April 2006. This was the first long-term free tropospheric atmospheric Hg monitoring program in the downwind region of East Asia, which is a major Hg emission source region. Between April 13, 2006 and December 31, 2007, the mean concentrations of GEM, RGM, and PHg were 1.73 ng m^?3, 12.1 pg m^?3, and 2.3 pg m^?3, respectively. A diurnal pattern was observed for GEM with afternoon peaks and nighttime lows, whereas the diurnal pattern of RGM was opposite to that of GEM. Spikes of RGM were frequently observed between midnight and early morning with concurrent decreases in GEM and relative humidity and increases in O₃, suggesting the oxidation of GEM and formation of RGM in free troposphere (FT). Upslope movement of boundary layer (BL) air in daytime and subsidence of FT air at night resulted in these diurnal patterns. Considering only the nighttime data, which were more representative of FT air, the composite monthly mean GEM concentrations ranged between 1.06 and 2.06 ng m^?3. Seasonal variation in nighttime GEM was evident, with lower concentrations usually occurring in summer when clean marine air masses prevailed. Between fall and spring, air masses passed the East Asian continent prior to reaching LABS, contributing to the elevated GEM concentrations. Analysis of GEM/CO correlation tends to support the argument. Good GEM/CO correlations were observed in fall, winter, and spring, suggesting influence of anthropogenic emission sources. Our results demonstrate the significance of East Asian Hg emissions, including both anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions, and their long-range transport in the FT. Because of the pronounced seasonal monsoon activity and the seasonal variation in regional wind field, export of the Asian Hg emissions to Taiwan occurs mainly during fall, winter, and spring.     

危险废物回转式流化冷渣多段焚烧系统焚烧特性研究

危险废物的处理和处置是摆在我国各级市政府面前的紧迫任务。然而我国已经运行的危险废物焚烧装置普遍存在回转窑挂壁结渣、热灼减率偏高和污染排放超标等问题,作者通过将回转窑和流化床特点相结合的方法提出了一种新型危险废物回转式流化冷渣多段焚烧处置装置。该装置采用回转窑(一燃室)、二燃室和流化床结合的热解-流化焚烧工艺,特别是采用控制窑头温度避免了回转窑挂壁结渣;采用流化冷渣装置延长未燃烬渣的焚烧时间,解决了热灼减率偏高问题;水冷式烟气急冷装置可以将烟气温度从1 100℃降到200℃,防止了二恶英的尾部低温再生成。该系统运行稳定可靠,可以处理医疗垃圾和大多数的固态和液态危险废物,实现了烟气污染物尤其是二恶英排放达到国家标准的目标。同时对该系统运行时窑头温度分布、二燃室炉膛出口氧量变化、回转窑和炉膛升温特性、燃烧室外壁温度分布等几方面运行数据都进行了详细的介绍,为危险废物焚烧炉的运行提供了宝贵的经验数据。