温度对哑硝化及氧化哑氮释放的影响

采用批次实验的方法探讨了3种不同温度（15℃,25℃,35℃）对亚硝化及其过程中温室气体氧化亚氮释放情况。结果表明,温度对亚硝化过程及氧化亚氮的释放有显著影响。在15～35℃范围内,随着温度的升高,氨氧化率和亚硝化积累率逐渐升高,N2O释放量也逐渐增大,35℃可以作为适宜的亚硝化温度,平均氨氧化率为50．9％,亚硝化积累率为55．6％,NO-2-N与Nrl4-N出水浓度比为1．1,氨氧化率,亚硝化积累率和出水中亚硝氮与氨氮浓度比较合适,从而可以为厌氧氨氧化工艺提供合适的进水,但在此温度下平均N2O释放量相对较高,为1．494la,g／gMLSS。     

Comparison of Analytical Techniques for Measuring Hydrocarbon Emissions from the Manufacture of Fiberglass-Reinforced Plastics

ABSTRACT

Research Triangle Institute and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency conducted several projects to measure hydrocarbon emissions associated with the manufacture of fiberglass-reinforced plastics. The purpose of these projects was to evaluate pollution prevention techniques to reduce emissions by altering raw materials, application equipment, and operator technique. Analytical techniques were developed to reduce the cost of these emission measurements. Emissions from a small test mold in a temporary total enclosure (TTE) correlated with emissions from full-size production molds in a separate TTE. Gravimetric mass balance measurements inside the TTE generally agreed to within ± 30 % with total hydrocarbon (THC) measurements in the TTE exhaust duct. Pure styrene evaporation tests served as quality control checks for THC measurements and generally agreed to within ± 5 %.     

K-Ca-Mg-Cl-H_2O体系中硫酸钙结晶介稳区的研究

对K-Ca-Mg-Cl-H2O体系中硫酸钙结晶介稳区进行了研究。以一定浓度氯化钙溶液与硫酸镁溶液反应结晶的方式,采用激光散射法测定了不同浓度复合盐溶液和温度下硫酸钙过饱和度与结晶之间的关系,并测定了与之平衡的溶解度,从而确定该体系中硫酸钙结晶介稳区宽度,探讨了影响结晶介稳区的因素,以及硫酸钙结晶和结晶相与复合盐溶液浓度、温度、结晶介稳区之间的关系。     

Concentrations, spatial distributions and congener profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls in soils from a coastal city--Tianjin, China

A total of 82 surface soil samples collected from central urban sites, surrounding rural sites, coastal sites and background sites in Tianjin were analyzed for 84 PCB congeners. The mean values of total PCBs concentrations for surrounding rural sites, central urban sites, coastal sites, background sites and the whole Tianjin region were 4.45, 3.20, 12.65, 1.96 and 4.02 ng g(-1), respectively. No "urban fractionation effect" was found in Tianjin, which reflected the influence of local emission sources for PCBs such as industries and township enterprises in surrounding rural sites. In contrast, a "primary fractionation effect" was found in Tianjin region. The PCBs concentrations for whole Tianjin region showed a strong east-west gradient and the percentages of lighter molecular weight PCBs homologs (sum of di- to tetra-PCBs) to the total PCBs concentrations increased from east to west. The seven indicator PCBs concentrations were well correlated with the total PCBs concentrations with the correlation coefficients as 0.76 for Tianjin region and 0.74 for central urban sites, respectively. Predominant PCB homolog groups were penta- and tri-PCBs for Tianjin region. 10 dioxin-like PCBs concentrations were well correlated with total PCBs concentrations for all the sampling sites (R=0.79, P<0.0001). The TEQ concentrations for 10 dioxin-like PCBs were 5.3424 ng kg(-1) for Tianjin region and showed a strong east to west gradient. The spatial distribution of PCBs levels, homolog composition patterns and TEQ concentrations were all obviously influenced by local emission sources for PCBs in the east part of Tianjin region.     

Distribution and accumulation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and pharmaceuticals in wastewater irrigated soils in Hebei, China

This study investigated the occurrence of 43 emerging contaminants including 9 endocrine-disrupting chemicals and 34 pharmaceuticals in three sites in Hebei Province, north China. Each site has a wastewater irrigated plot and a separate groundwater irrigated plot for comparison purpose. The results showed that the concentrations of the target compounds in the wastewater irrigated soils were in most cases higher than those in the groundwater irrigated soils. Among the 43 target compounds, nine compounds bisphenol-A, triclocarban, triclosan, 4-nonylphenol, salicylic acid, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, trimethoprim and primidone were detected at least once in the soils. Preliminary environmental risk assessment showed that triclocarban might pose high risks to terrestrial organisms while the other detected compounds posed minimal risks. Irrigation with wastewater could lead to presence or accumulation of some emerging contaminants to some extent in irrigated soils.     

Analysis of injury mechanism of the elderly and non-elderly groups in minor motor vehicle accidents

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the injury patterns of noncatastrophic accidents by individual age groups.

Methods: Data were collected from the Korean In-Depth Accident Study database based on actual accident investigation. The noncatastrophic criteria were classified according to U.S. experts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s recommendations for field triage guidelines of high-risk automobile crash criteria by vehicle intrusions more than 12 in. on occupant sites (including the roof) and more than 18 in. on any site. The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) was used to determine injury patterns for each body region. Severely injured patients were classified as Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS) 3 or higher.

Results: In this study, the most significant injury regions were the head and neck, extremities, and thorax. In addition, the incidence of severe injury among elderly patients was nearly 1.6 times higher than that of non-elderly patients. According to age group, injured body regions among the elderly were the thorax, head and neck, and extremities, in that order. For the non-elderly groups, these were head and neck, extremities, and thorax. Severe injury rates were slightly different for the elderly group (head and neck, abdomen) and non-elderly group (thorax, head and neck).

Conclusions: In both age groups, the rate of severe injury is proportional to an increase in crush extent zone. Front airbag deployment may have a relatively significant relationship to severe injuries.     

基于权重敏感度分布研究太湖有机磷农药单一和复合风险

基于实验室能得到的有限毒性数据的物种敏感度分布法(species sensitivity distribution, SSD)很难充分代表特定区域生态系统的物种分布,需要采用考虑生物区系特征进行赋予权重的物种敏感度分布法(weighted species sensitivity distribution,WSSD)。基于太湖物种组成构建WSSD,使用最大累积率(maximum cumulative ratio, MCR)(含风险商法(hazard quotient, HQ))和概率风险评价法(probabilistic risk assessment, PRA)对太湖地区单一和混合有机磷农药的风险进行研究。结果表明,相对于传统SSD方法,加权SSD方法计算的风险商大,且5%生物受影响的概率更大。单一风险评价中,敌敌畏和乐果5%生物受影响的概率超过40%,需要优先控制;最大累积率表明,敌敌畏是复合风险的主要贡献者,单一风险评价中风险较小的马拉硫磷和对硫磷也对复合风险贡献较大,复合暴露风险评价是必要的,混合物的风险商>1,5%生物受复合暴露影响的概率高达90%,有机磷农药复合生态风险不容忽视。     

试析秦皇岛市汤河带状公园二期工程——红飘带设计的生态理念

红飘带位于秦皇岛市的汤河公园,它在将具有视觉冲击的设计元素溶于一体的同时还有着重要的生态目标,提供了一种保护河岸和生态恢复的有效途径.红飘带设计中体现了保护当地生境、最少干预和简约生态设计等生态理念,这些生态理念的应用使得红飘带在一个简洁和经济的设计中将生态与艺术完美结合,成为现在"资源节约型和环境友好型"园林的典范.由此,本文提出应该在整体上进一步提高汤河生态系统健康水平的建议.     

曝气对遮光条件下藻类消亡的影响

以斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻为材料,分析低光照度范围内藻类光合作用特性和呼吸速率,研究曝气对遮光条件下藻类消亡过程的影响.结果表明,(25±1) ℃时斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻的光补偿点分别为600、720 lx,呼吸速率分别为89、57 μmol/(mg*h);光照度低于光补偿点,藻类内源呼吸导致水体DO浓度降低;单纯遮光(光照度为0 lx)处理7 d,斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻生物量去除率(以OD650计)分别为17.2%和39.1%;增加曝气措施后,斜生栅藻和铜绿微囊藻去除率分别上升到71.3%和92.0%,曝气能有效促进藻类消亡.实验数据拟合结果证明,藻细胞消亡符合藻细胞内源呼吸-衰减模型.     

土壤中苯并[a]芘和二苯并[a，h]蒽的快速测定及其降解特性研究

建立了加速溶剂萃取-高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测(ASE-HPLC-PAD)快速测定土壤中苯并[a]芘(BaP)和二苯并[a.h]葸(DBA)的方法.通过提取剂、提取方法的优化,检测波长(BaP、DBA的λmax分别为294.6、295.8 nm)的选择,减少了干扰物的影响,提高了检测灵敏度.土壤中添加BaP、DBA的质量浓度均为0.02～0.50 mg/kg时,其平均回收率均为77.26%～109.56%,相对标准偏差为0.60%～2.74%;土壤中BaP、DBA的最小检测质量浓度分别为2.15、1.10μg/kg.将ASE-HPLC-PAD方法应用于污染场地土壤中BaP与DBA的测定及其降解特性研究表明,BaP与DBA的降解半衰期分别达210、693 d.