不同形态铝对小麦抗氧化系统的影响

研究了铝在不同ｐＨ条件下的形态分布,测定了单核铝和多核铝对小麦根中超氧化物歧化酶(ＳＯＤ)和过氧化物酶(ＰＯＤ)活性的影响．结果表明,低浓度Ａｌａ和Ａｌｂ激发了小麦根ＳＯＤ活性;ＰＯＤ活性在ｐＨ≤５．０时被显著激活,而当 ｐＨ≥５,５,Ａｌａ与Ａｌｂ浓度较低时ＰＤＤ被显著地抑制;ＳＯＤ与ＰＯＤ活性均在ｐＨ４．５,７５μｍｏｌ·ｌ－１[Ａｌ]时达到本实验最高值,与Ａｌｂ浓度的增加相关．本实验结果显示两种形态的铝对植物的致毒机理可能存在一定差异．     

离心气浮技术及在含油污水处理中的应用

针对含油污水处理将朝着低污染、低成本、易操作、结构紧凑、高效处理方向发展的要求,围绕离心气浮处理技术进行综述。将迄今各种含油污水离心气浮处理技术分为:基于充气水力旋流器的气浮旋流组合、气浮与常规水力旋流器单体组合、气浮与低强度旋流离心力场组合三大类,并对其特点进行了详细分析。国外采油污水处理的最新进展表明,紧凑型旋流气浮组合技术具有广阔的应用前景。     

改性沸石同步深度脱氮除磷的实验研究

以氯化铝、硫酸镁为活性剂,采取高温活化,对天然沸石进行改性,并通过正交试验优化了改性工艺。以模拟二级出水为研究对象,考察了改性沸石同步去除水样中氮磷的效果及其影响因素,并对不同温度下改性沸石对磷酸盐和氨氮的吸附平衡和吸附热力学,以及脱氮除磷机理进行了探讨。结果表明,15 min后改性沸石脱氮除磷过程基本完成,其pH值范围与实际污水相符,最佳pH值为8;当投加质量浓度为0.8 g/L时,出水中氨氮浓度和总磷浓度均达到景观环境用水水质标准(GB/T 18921-2002)。改性沸石对氨氮和磷酸盐的吸附均符合Langmuir等温吸附方程。热力学参数ΔG⁰、ΔH⁰分别为正值和负值,表明该吸附是一个自发的吸热过程。     

UV、H2O2、O3及其联用工艺对水中DMP的去除效果和降解机理分析

采用UV、H2O2、O3及其联用工艺对自来水本底条件下邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)的去除效果、特性及降解机理进行了对比和分析.采用单独的UV光照射不能有效去除DMP;而UV-H2O2联用工艺对DMP具有良好的去除效果.在DMP初始浓度约为1.0 mg·L-1,UV光强为133.9μW·cm-2,H2O2投加量为20 mg·L-1的条件下,30 min后DMP的去除效果可以达到73.08%,在降解过程中,监测到DMP氧化产物;当DMP初始浓度约为1.0 mg·L-1,O3投加量为3 mg·L-1时,单独O3氧化DMP的去除率为55.81%;UV-O3联用工艺对DMP的去除效果略优于单独O3氧化,去除效果提高了10%左右.单独O3和UV-O3氧化在初始氧化阶段可形成不同于UV-H2O2工艺的降解产物;UV-H2O2-O3联用工艺能高效氧化水中DMP,O3的投加不但极大的增强了UV-H2O2工艺的氧化性能,同时抑制了UV+H2O2降解过程中DMP氧化产物的生成,并使生成的产物快速降解.几种氧化工艺对DMP去除效果顺序依次为UV＜O3＜UV-O3＜UV-H2O2＜UV-H2O2-O3.     

Chemical composition, mass closure and sources of atmospheric PM10 from industrial sites in Shenzhen, China

Concentrations of atmospheric PM10 and chemical components (including twenty-one elements, nine ions, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC)) were measured at five sites in a heavily industrial region of Shenzhen, China in 2005. Results showed that PM10 concentrations exhibited the highest values at 264 μg/m3 at the site near a harbor with the influence of harbor activities. Sulfur exhibited the highest concentrations (from 2419 to 3995 ng/m3) of all the studied elements, which may be related to the influence of coal used as fuel in this area for industrial plants. This was verified by the high mass percentages of SO42-, which accounted for 34.3%-39.7% of the total ions. NO3-/SO42- ratios varied from 0.64-0.71, which implies coal combustion was predominant compared with vehicle emission. The anion/cation ratios range was close to 0.95, indicating anion deficiency in this region. The harbor site showed the highest OC and EC concentrations, with the influence of emission from vessels. Secondary organic carbon accounted for about 22.6%-38.7% of OC, with the highest percentage occurring at the site adjacent to a coal-fired power plant and wood plant. The mass closure model performed well in this heavily industrial region, with significant correlation obtained between chemically determined and gravimetrically measured PM10 mass. The main constituents of PM10 were found to be organic materials (30.9%-69.5%), followed by secondary inorganic aerosol (7.9%-25.0%), crustal materials (6.7%-13.8%), elemental carbon (3.5%-10.8%), sea salt (2.4%-6.2%) and trace elements (2.0%-4.9%) in this heavily industrialized region. Principal component analysis indicated that the main sources for particulate matter in this industrial region were crustal materials and coal/wood combustion, oil combustion, secondary aerosols, industrial processes and vehicle emission.     

农业面源污染特征及治理对策

随着社会经济的发展,中国农业面源污染日益严重,面源污染在很大程度上引起耕地退化,严重影响农产品的质与量.在概述农村面源污染特征的基础上,分析农村面源污染的影响因素,其中化学肥料、农药、畜禽粪便及养殖废弃物、生产和生活污水、生活垃圾等是面源污染的重要因子,从农作技术、水土保持及意识政策等多方面考虑提出农业面源污染的防治措施,并对中国农业面源污染的未来研究进行展望.     

苏州河上游地区滨岸缓冲带试验基地设计思路

为探索控制农业面源污染的有效方法，改善河道水质，逐步修复河道原有生态功能和增加生物多样性，上海市在苏州河环境综合整治一期、二期工程实施的基础上，立项开展了苏州河环境综合整治三期工程实用技术研究。旨在通过选择苏州河上游区域某一自然河道，建立完整的滨岸缓冲带体系并进行现场试验，开展上海地区滨岸缓冲带的设计、建设和养护管理等方面的实践工作，同时考察滨岸缓冲带生物栖息地功能、滨岸带景观功能和改善河流水质功能等方面的功效。文章阐述了滨岸缓冲带试验基地设计中的一些思路，分析了基地选址及环境条件，从植被选择及其群落配置、坡度选择、取样管设置、面源污染防治试验工艺流程等方面进行了试验基地的设计。     

饮用水中异嗅物质-土臭素及二甲基异冰片的测定方法

导致饮用水土霉味的常见物质为土臭素(GSM)和二甲基异冰片(2-MIB),此两种物质通常在原水及饮用水中痕量存在,浓度低于几百ng/L.总结了用感官分析法和仪器分析法测定痕量GSM和2-MIB.对液液萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取及各种衍生水样预处理方法进行了对比,评价了各种方法的优劣,并对异嗅物质分析方法的发展提出了展望.     

张士灌区镉污染及其改良途径

张士灌区是国内镉严重污染区。本文全面论述了1981—1983年以来所采取综合防治的效果:①减少灌溉水中Cd浓度,提高pH,改污灌为清灌;②增施石灰、钙镁磷肥等各种改良剂;③农业工程方法、客土、去土;④生物改良方法、种植其他作物,或将污染稻谷作为良种繁育。几年来密切联系生产实际,在污染现场作试验。试验所得结果适合于灌区实际应用。     

Variation characteristics of fine particulate matter and its components in diesel vehicle emission plumes

A rapid reaction occurs near the exhaust nozzle when vehicle emissions contact the air. Twenty diesel vehicles were studied using a new multipoint sampling system that is suitable for studying the exhaust plume near the exhaust nozzle. The variation characteristics of fine particle matter (PM_2.5) and its components in diesel vehicle exhaust plumes were analyzed. The PM_2.5 emissions gradually increased with increasing distance from the nozzle in the plume. Elemental carbon emissions remained basically unchanged, organic carbon and total carbon (TC) increased with increasing distance. The concentrations of SO₄^2?, NO₃^? and NH₄⁺ (SNA) directly emitted by the vehicles were very low but increased rapidly in the exhaust plume. The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reduced 42.7% TC, 40% NO₃^? emissions, but increased 104% SO₄^2? and 36% NH₄⁺ emissions, respectively. In summary, the SCR reduced 29% primary PM_2.5 emissions for the tested diesel vehicles. The NH₄NO₃ particle formation maybe more important in the plume, and there maybe other forms of formation of NH₄⁺ (eg. NH₄Cl). The generation of secondary organic carbon (SOC) plays a leading role in the generation of secondary PM_2.5. The SCR enhanced the formation of SOC and SNA in the plume, but comprehensive analysis shows that the SCR more enhanced the SNA formation in the plume, which is mainly new particles formation process. The inconsistency between secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and primary organic aerosol definitions is one of the important reasons for the difference between SOA simulation and observation.