西安地区夏季臭氧的模拟研究

本文利用WRF-CHEM模式对关中地区2015年7月25日至30日的一次O_3污染事件进行了数值模拟。通过与地面观测数据对比发现,WRF-CHEM模式基本上可以合理模拟西安和咸阳城市群O_3和NO_2的质量浓度的时空分布。敏感性试验表明,在臭氧生成的峰值期(12:00—18:00 LT),交通源是城市重要的O_3源,无论在高浓度臭氧条件下还是低浓度臭氧条件下,贡献量都高于15μg?m~(-3),平均贡献量均高于24μg?m~(-3);工业源仅在臭氧峰值生成时期贡献明显;生物源无论在高浓度还是低浓度臭氧的条件下,平均贡献都在16μg?m~(-3)以上;居民源的贡献基本低于10μg?m~(-3);能源生产源有降低O_3质量浓度的作用,但在臭氧生成的峰值时期,能源生产源可以增加O_3质量浓度。随着交通源排放量的增加,O_3的质量浓度逐渐增加,尤其在臭氧的峰值期。在臭氧生成峰值期,当氮氧化物(NOx)减少50%时,除城市中心臭氧浓度略增加,其他地区臭氧质量浓度均在下降;当挥发性有机物(VOCs)减少50%时,城市群内臭氧质量浓度都在下降;当NO_x和VOCs同时减少50%时,臭氧质量浓度都呈现下降趋势,减少量可达20μg?m~(-3)以上。在整个研究区域内,H_2O_2/HNO_3比值均在0.6以上,这表明西安和咸阳城市群属于NO_x控制区。     

畜禽粪便和污水中金霉素及其代谢物的液质联用( LC-MS/MS)检测方法研究

建立了畜禽粪便和污水中金霉素(CTC)及其两种代谢物——差向金霉素(ECTC)和异金霉素(ICTC)的LC - MS/MS检测方法.粪便样品经Na2EDTA - Mcllvaine缓冲液(pH=4)分别提取3次,离心,收集上清液,过Waters的Oasis HLB固相萃取小柱净化、浓缩.用6mL0.01 mol·L-1草酸甲醇溶液洗脱,收集洗脱液,40℃水浴氮气吹至近干,甲醇定容至1 mL,过0.22μm滤膜,用LC- MS/MS测定.污水取100 mL经滤纸和0.65 μm纤维膜过滤后,加1 mL 5% Na2EDTA溶液,调节pH值至7.0,然后过预先用5 mL甲醇和10 mL Na2EDTrA- Mcllvaine缓冲液(pH=4)活化过的Waters Oasis HLB固相萃取小柱,净化、浓缩,后用6 mL0.01 mol·L-1草酸甲醇溶液洗脱,收集洗脱液,40℃水浴氮气吹至近干,甲醇定容至1 mL,过0.22 μm滤膜,上机测定.该方法在10～1 000μg·L-1之间呈线性相关,金霉素、差向金霉素和异金霉素的平均回收率分别为79.64% ～ 97.23%、75.34% ～ 98.37%和73.67% ～ 95.08%,日间偏差在1.78% ～6.18%,日内偏差在1.07%～6.28%.粪便样品和污水样品中的检测限分别为20μg·kg-1和10μg·L-1,符合作为检测方法的要求.     

Combined effect of iron and zinc on micronutrient levels in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A nutrient solution experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of Fe and Zn supply on Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn concentrations in wheat plants. The experiment used a factorial combination of two Fe levels (0 and 5 mg l(-1)) and three Zn levels (0, 0.1 and 10 mg I(-1)). The supply of Fe (5 mg l(-1)) and Zn (0.1 mg l(-1)) increased plant dry weight and leaf chlorophyll content compared to the Fe or Zn deficient (0 mg 11) treatments. However, excess Zn supply (10 mg l(-1)) reduced plant dry weights and leaf chlorophyll content. Iron supply (5 mg l(-1)) reduced wheat Zn concentrations by 49%, Cu concentrations by 34%, and Mn by 56% respectively. Zinc supply (10 mg l(-1)) reduced wheat Fe concentrations by an average of 8%, but had no significant effect on Cu and Mn concentrations. Stepwise regression analyses indicated that Zn, Cu, and Mn concentrations were negatively correlated with root- and leaf-Fe concentrations, but positively correlated with stem-Fe concentrations. Leaf-Mn concentrations were negatively correlated with root-, stem- and leaf-Zn concentrations.     

Bioavailability,mobility, and toxicity of Cu in soils around the Dexing Cu mine in China

Total concentration is not a reliable indicator of Cu mobility or its bioavailability in soils. The chemical fraction determines the behavior of Cu in soils and hence its toxicity for terrestrial biota. We used the sequential extraction procedure and barley toxicity tests to examine the transfer of Cu in soils around the Dexing Cu mine and to make an ecological risk assessment of Cu in this area. The bioavailable Cu (exchangeable Cu and carbonate-bound Cu) in each soil profile did not change significantly with soil depth, indicating that the Cu itself was vertically mobile and thus potentially a higher risk to the environment. Cu toxicity and bioaccumulation in plants varied with the soil physicochemical characteristics [e.g., pH, clay content, and cation exchange capacity (CEC)] and the level of bioavailable Cu. Multiple regression analysis revealed that bioavailable Cu and CEC could be used to predict Cu toxicity to barley and that other characteristics (such as soil pH, clay content, or total organic carbon) did not predict the risk of toxicity as well as CEC. For the soil to be suitable for agriculture use, treatment of the local soil contamination with guest soil reclamation and phytoremediation with heavy metal-resistant plants would be necessary.     

The urban growth, size distribution and spatio-temporal dynamic pattern of the Yangtze River Delta megalopolitan region, China

As one of the six megalopolitan regions in the world, the Yangtze River Delta is one of the most populated and developed regions of China. The spatial and temporal dynamic pattern of the urbanization process of the megalopolitan region is investigated. This work compared the spatial and temporal dynamic pattern of the urban growth for the five urban areas (Shanghai, Nanjing, Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou) in this region. During the 15 years, urban growth patterns were dramatically uneven over three 5-year periods. The size distribution of the five urban areas became more even with the rapid urbanization process. The patterns of urban expansion reflected policy adjustment and economic development throughout the time. Landscape metric analysis across concentric buffer zones was conducted to elucidate the area, shape, size, complexity and configuration of urban expansion. The study indicates the coalescence process occurred during the rapid urban growth from 1990 to 1995 and the moderate growth period from 2000 to 2005, but different urban growth period between 1995 and 2000. The urban growth pattern was coalesced for the Nanjing and Wuxi metropolitan areas and diffused for Shanghai, Suzhou and Changzhou. This approach indicates that the coalescence process was the major growth model for this region in the recent 15 years despite their different size, economic growth and population growth. The diffusion-coalesce dichotomy represent endpoints rather than alternate states of urban growth. This work will be beneficial in understanding the size distribution and urbanization process of the megalopolitan region in China.     

Simulating spatiotemporal dynamics of urbanization with multi-agent systems—A case study of the Phoenix metropolitan region, USA

Urbanization is a human-dominated process and has greatly impacted biodiversity, ecosystem processes, and regional climate. To understand the socioeconomic drivers of urbanization and project future urban landscape changes, multi-agent systems provide a powerful tool. We develop an agent-based model of urban growth for the Phoenix metropolitan region of the United States, which simulates the behavior of regional authorities, real estate developers, residents, and environmentalists. The BDI (Beliefs-Desires-Intentions) structure is employed to simulate the agents behavior and decision models. The heterogeneity of agents is reflected by adjusting parameters according to the agents’ beliefs, desires and preferences. Three scenarios, baseline, economic development priority and environmental protection, are developed and analyzed. The combination of multi-agent system and spatial regression model is employed to predict the future urban development of the Phoenix metropolitan region. Landscape metrics are used to compare the spatial patterns of the urban landscape resulting from different scenarios in different times. In general, with the rapid urban expansion, the shape of urban patches will become more regular as many of them become coalesced. The spatial analysis of urban development through modeling individual and group decisions and human-environment interactions with a multi-agent systems approach can enhance our understanding of the socioeconomic driving forces and mechanisms of urban development.     

广州南沙海岸防护林群落的生态效应初步研究

采用群落生态学和植物化学监测的研究方法,对广州市南沙海岸滩头近6 a生防护林群落的生物量、高温胁迫光合特征、NPP及吸储C、N、S、Pb、Cd、Cu、Hg的生态效应进行了定位观测研究,结果表明：海岸6种防护林群落的生物量的平均达到10.7 t.hm-2、NPP达到2.5 t·hm-2·a-1、生长要素表现为速生性生长特征。各种海防林群落的年均吸储空间CO2、NO2、SO2质量分别为4.2 t.hm-2、27.1 kg·hm-2和3.4 kg·hm-2,吸储Pb、Cd、Cu分别为13.2、4.4、0.1 g·hm-2,其生态环境功能已经初步凸显,可有效地减少这些元素在地表和土壤积累、迁移或随地表径流输出至生活环境的危害,对于海岸环境区域是非常有益的。雨季高温（气温t≥35.5℃）胁迫下,海岸路网林群落的优势种群净光合速率日均达到9.8μmol·m-2·s-1且乡土树种高于引进树种,高山榕（Ficus altissima）的日最高净光合速率达到14.3μmol·m-2·s-1,较羊蹄甲（Bauhinia blakeana）高0.4μmol·m-2·s-1、较塞楝（Kaya senegaiensis）高2.2μmol·m-2·s-1,优势树种适宜海岸滩头立地、高温胁迫的光合生理特点,是其速生长的原因之一。     

镧、铈、钕对小鼠肝细胞核的氧化损伤作用

轻稀土元素进入生物体后主要累积于肝脏,进入肝细胞,分布于细胞核上.为探讨轻稀土元素对小鼠肝细胞核的氧化损伤作用,选用5周龄雄性封闭群(ICR)小鼠灌喂10、20和40 mg·kg-1的稀土元素镧(La)、铈(Ce)和钕(Nd),6周后测定小鼠肝细胞核中超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(...     

别有用心的货币之战

2010年11月3日．美联储宣布推出第二轮定量宽松货币政策。说白了就是开动“印钞机”,让美元贬值．以此来转嫁本国的金融风险,赤裸裸地搜刮其他国家的财富。各国为了自保,纷纷推出应对举措,让人担心世界经济离货币战仪一步之遥。有资料分析,在过去的40年内,美国滥用美元“世界货币”地位,曾发动过三次货币战,打击其他经济体,而美国资本集团却从中赚得盆满钵盈,下面让我们简要回顾三次货币战,更清楚地认识这次实行定量宽松货币政策的真正用意。     

基于层次分析法的化工城市致灾因子研究

以灾害学、城市管理理论为指导,用层次分析法(AHP)为分析决策工具,选定涉及化工城市安全的17个致灾因子,得出了地震灾害、化学事故、环境污染事故及恐怖袭击是危及化工城市安全的4个关键因子。指出原发性或继发性化学事故以及由此产生的次生、衍生灾害将是化工城市面临的最大危机,并提出了对策措施。