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631.
The fractal dimensions in di erent topological spaces of polyferric chloride-humic acid (PFC-HA) flocs, formed in flocculating
di erent kinds of humic acids (HA) water at di erent initial pH (9.0, 7.0, 5.0) and PFC dosages, were calculated by e ective densitymaximum
diameter, image analysis, and N2 absorption-desorption methods, respectively. The mass fractal dimensions (Df) of PFC-HA
flocs were calculated by bi-logarithm relation of e ective density with maximum diameter and Logan empirical equation. The Df value
was more than 2.0 at initial pH of 7.0, which was 11% and 13% higher than those at pH 9.0 and 5.0, respecively, indicating the most
compact flocs formed in flocculated HA water at initial pH of 7.0. The image analysis for those flocs indicates that after flocculating
the HA water at initial pH greater than 7.0 with PFC flocculant, the fractal dimensions of D2 (logA vs. logdL) and D3 (logVsphere vs.
logdL) of PFC-HA flocs decreased with the increase of PFC dosages, and PFC-HA flocs showed a gradually looser structure. At the
optimum dosage of PFC, the D2 (logA vs. logdL) values of the flocs show 14%–43% di erence with their corresponding Df, and they
even had di erent tendency with the change of initial pH values. However, the D2 values of the flocs formed at three di erent initial pH
in HA solution had a same tendency with the corresponding Df. Based on fractal Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH) adsorption and desorption
equations, the pore surface fractal dimensions (Ds) for dried powders of PFC-HA flocs formed in HA water with initial pH 9.0 and 7.0
were all close to 2.9421, and the Ds values of flocs formed at initial pH 5.0 were less than 2.3746. It indicated that the pore surface
fractal dimensions of PFC-HA flocs dried powder mainly show the irregularity from the mesopore-size distribution and marcopore-size
distribution. 相似文献
632.
鞘细菌细胞吸附Cr(Ⅵ)条件的研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
采用实验室保藏的鞘细菌,经过液体扩大培养后处理含Cr(Ⅵ)的废液,通过振荡吸附试验考察一系列物理化学因素对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,鞘细菌吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的适宜pH为8.0,适宜温度为30℃,适宜的菌龄是液体培养18h,适宜的吸附时间为8h,适宜的投加量是0.05g/100mL;在Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度为5mg/L时,吸附量可以达到2.25mg/g,吸附后液体中Cr(Ⅵ)残留仅为0.45mg/L;废水中的有机质浓度对吸附有很大影响,其中COD为100mg/L时可以促进Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附。结果说明鞘细菌可以很好的降低污废水中的Cr(Ⅵ)。 相似文献
633.
The distribution of air-filled structures in the craniofacial and neurocranial bones of the oviraptorid ZPAL MgD-I/95, discovered
at the Hermiin Tsav locality, Mongolia, is restored. Based on the complete obliteration of most of the cranial sutures, the
specimen is identified as an adult individual of Conchoraptor gracilis Barsbold 1986. Except for the orbitosphenoids and epipterygoids, the preserved bones of the neurocranium are hollow. Three
types of tympanic recess are present in Conchoraptor, a characteristic shared with troodontids, dromaeosaurids, and avian theropods. The contralateral middle ear cavities are
interconnected by the supraencephalic pathway that passes through the dorsal tympanic recesses, the posterodorsal prootic
sinuses and the parietal sinus. The spatial arrangements of the middle ear cavity and a derived neurocranial pneumatic system
in Conchoraptor indicate enhancements of acoustic perception in the lower-frequency registers and of auditory directionality. We further
speculate that this improvement of binaural hearing could be explained as an adaptation required for accurate detection of
prey and/or predators under conditions of low illumination. The other potentially pneumatic structures of the Conchoraptor cranium include (1) recessus-like irregularities on the dorsal surface of the nasal and frontal bones (a putative oviraptorid
synapomorphy; pos); (2) a subotic recess; (3) a sub-condylar recess; and (4) a posterior condylar recess (pos).
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
634.
Ji?í Dole?al Zuzana MaškováJan Lepš Daniela SteinbachováFrancesco de Bello Jitka KlimešováOliver Tackenberg František ZemekJan Květ 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2011,145(1):10-28
Oligotrophic mountain meadows are threatened biodiversity hotspots throughout Europe. The traditional summer hay-making followed by autumn grazing is no longer economic and question is whether alternative managements can maintain both plant species and functional diversity typical of these habitats. In the Bohemian Forest Mts., we applied three treatments (mowing once a year - i.e., cutting and removing the biomass, mulching once a year - cutting and leaving the crushed biomass to decompose in situ, fallowing - no cutting) in order to assess temporal changes in meadow vegetation, plant trait composition and biomass production in a 13-year experiment. We recorded for each species twenty-five traits as to be most informative of plant strategies related to growth, resource acquisition and carbon-water economy. We compared different components of trait composition (community averages that mostly reflect traits of dominant species vs. the Rao index of functional diversity that reflects trait dissimilarity among species) and their impact on biomass production. We show that mulching promotes species and functional diversity by facilitating heliophilous forbs and legumes with more acquisitive strategies in resource use and release, e.g., higher foliar N and P content. This occurs at the expense of tall grasses (with resource-retentive strategies, e.g., high leaf dry matter content) which dominate the mown and fallow plots. The divergence in most quantitative traits indicates that niche complementarity is the dominant assembly process in mulched plots, which can prevent competitive exclusion and enable species coexistence. The divergent development was detected only after 5-6 years. This slow floristic and functional response is caused by acidity of soil and severe mountain climate that preclude rapid responses of vegetation to land-use changes. We conclude that mulching represents a good compromise maintaining both plant species and functional diversity as well as a relatively high biomass production. Mowing without grazing leads to gradual nutrient loss and thus reduces the productivity and diversity in these oligotrophic ecosystems. Fallowing causes gradual loss in diversity by increased grass competition and litter accumulation. 相似文献
635.
Polyaluminum chloride was synthesized with a membrane reactor, and the process characteristics, membrane fouling and cleaning were investigated. 相似文献
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