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21.
Abstract Land-use change is an important aspect of global environment change. It is, in a sense, the direct result of human activities influencing our physical environment. This paper analyzed the land- use change in Northeast China during 1985–2000 based on Landsat TM images. It divides Northeast China into five land-use zones based on the dynamic degree model of land-use: woodland/grassland-arable land conversion zone, dry land-paddy field conversion zone; urban expansion zone, interlocked zone of farming and pasturing and reclamation and abandon zone. The findings include the obvious increase of cropland area, paddy field and dry land increased by 75 and 276 thousand hm2 respectively; urban areas expanded rapidly, areas of town and rural residence increased by 76.8 thousand hm2; areas of forests and grassland decreased sharply with the amounts of 1399 and 1521 thousand hm2 respectively; areas of water body and unused land increased by 148 and 514 thousand hm2 respectively. This paper also discusses the driving forces in each land-use dynamic zone and finds that some key biophysical factors affect conspicuously the conversion of different land-use types. The relation between land-use conversion and DEM, accumulated temperature (≤10°C) and precipitation was analyzed and represented. The land-use changes In Northeast China resulted from the changing macro social and economic factors and local physical elements. Rapid population growth and management changes can explain the shaping of woodland/grassland-cropland conversion zone. The conversion from dry land to paddy field in the dry land-paddy field conversion zone, apart from the change of physical elements promoting the expansion of paddy field, results from two reasons: one is that the implementation of market economy in China has given farmers the right to decide what and how they plant their crops, the other factor is originated partially from the change of the dietary habit along with the social and economic development. The conversion from paddy field to dry land is caused primarily by the shortfall of irrigation water, which in turn is caused by poor water allocation managed by local governments. The shaping of the reclamation and abandon zone is partially due to the lack of environment protection consciousness among pioneer settlers. The reason for the conversion from grassland to cropland is the relatively higher profits of farming than that of pasturing in the interlocked zone of farming and pasturing. In Northeast China, the rapid expansion of built-up areas results from two factors: the existence of a small number of towns and the huge potential for expansion of the existing towns and cities. The urban land expanded mainly in areas with a gentle topographic relief and low population density. 相似文献
22.
将枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) ZK菌株发酵产物捷安肽素用于柑桔采后的生物防治,研究了不同浓度、不同接入时间的捷安肽素对柑桔青霉菌(Penicillium italium)和绿霉菌(P. Digitaum)的抑制效果,并与常用化学杀菌剂抑霉唑、咪鲜胺、甲基硫菌灵和多菌灵作比较. PDA平板上,柑桔绿霉菌比青霉菌对捷安肽素敏感.在柑桔果实上, 53.86 μg/mL捷安肽素处理下,柑桔青霉病和绿霉病的发病率分别为5%和5.28%,比对照低95%和94.72%.柑桔青霉病和绿霉病的病情指数分别为1.87和2.18,比对照低73.73和97.82.捷安肽素作用于柑桔绿霉菌1 h内,菌丝体内K 含量迅速下降,为对照绿霉菌K 含量的37.53%, 1 h后菌丝体内K 含量变化趋于平缓.捷安肽素作用于柑桔绿霉菌12 h内蛋白质、核酸缓慢泄漏, 12 h后蛋白质、核酸含量变化趋于平缓.实验结果表明:捷安肽素可以迅速改变绿霉菌细胞膜通透性. 相似文献
23.
在中温(35℃±1℃)厌氧条件下,以葡萄糖为共基质,采用间歇实验方法,研究了2,6-二硝基酚(2,6-DNP)的厌氧产甲烷毒性和厌氧降解动力学.厌氧毒性试验(ATA)以累计产甲烷量和相对活性(RA)为指标,评价了不同浓度2,6-DNP对产甲烷菌的抑制程度;结果表明,2,6-DNP浓度<20 mg/L时,对产甲烷菌没有抑制作用,浓度为40 mg/L时产生轻度抑制,浓度为80~120 mg/L时产生重度抑制;24 h 2,6-DNP的75%、50%、25%相对抑制浓度分别为30、70和>120 mg/L.2,6-DNP降解动力学可用Haldane方程来描述,利用非线性拟合求得动力学参数Ks、Rm、Ki分别为179.7 mg/L、4.84 mg/g VSS·h、206.5 mg/L,方差R2=0.94,拟合效果很好. 相似文献
24.
Crystal Gauvin Emi Uchida Scott Rozelle Jintao Xu Jinyan Zhan 《Environmental management》2010,45(3):488-501
The goal of this article is to understand strategies by which both the environmental and poverty alleviation objectives of
PES programs can be achieved cost effectively. To meet this goal, we first create a conceptual framework to understand the
implications of alternative targeting when policy makers have both environmental and poverty alleviation goals. We then use
the Grain for Green program in China, the largest PES program in the developing world, as a case study. We also use a data set from a survey
that we designed and implemented to evaluate the program. Using the data set we first evaluate what factors determined selection
of program areas for the Grain for Green program. We then demonstrate the heterogeneity of parcels and households and examine the correlations across households and
their parcels in terms of their potential environmental benefits, opportunity costs of participating, and the asset levels
of households as an indicator of poverty. Finally, we compare five alternative targeting criteria and simulate their performance
in terms of cost effectiveness in meeting both the environmental and poverty alleviation goals when given a fixed budget.
Based on our simulations, we find that there is a substantial gain in the cost effectiveness of the program by targeting parcels
based on the “gold standard,” i.e., targeting parcels with low opportunity cost and high environmental benefit managed by
poorer households. 相似文献
25.
在超重力场中,研究了硝基苯模拟废水的臭氧/双氧水(O3/H2O2)法处理效果,考察了超重力因子β、H2O2浓度、初始p H、液体流量及处理时间等因素对硝基苯去除率的影响。结果表明,硝基苯去除率随超重力因子β和处理时间的增加而增大,而随H2O2浓度、初始p H和液体流量的增加呈先增大后降低的趋势。当硝基苯初始浓度300 mg/L,工艺条件β=80、p H=10.0、臭氧质量浓度约为40 mg/L、H2O2浓度为4.9 mmol/L、液体流量为120 L/h时,循环处理35 min硝基苯去除率可达96.7%。处理时间60 min后,废水中硝基苯含量1.4 mg/L,COD为39 mg/L,达国家一级排放标准(GB 8978-1996)。在此条件下,硝基苯的降解过程符合准一级反应动力学。 相似文献
26.
以钠基蒙脱土(MMT)为载体,先采用溶胶-凝胶法将纳米TiO2引入到MMT层间,再采用化学沉积法将纳米Cu2O负载在TiO2/MMT上,制备出TiO2-Cu2O/MMT纳米复合光催化剂。采用XRD、SEM、紫外-可见漫反射技术对催化剂进行了表征。以甲基橙为目标污染物,考察了催化剂的光催化性能。表征结果显示:TiO2与Cu2O均匀分布在MMT的表面与片层孔隙中;TiO2-Cu2O/MMT结合了TiO2和Cu2O的特性,拓宽了催化剂的光吸收范围。实验结果表明,在光源为可见光、初始甲基橙质量浓度为20 mg/L、光催化剂加入量为2 g/L的条件下,TiO2-Cu2O/MMT纳米复合光催化剂对甲基橙的光催化降解效果明显优于单一负载的Cu2O/MMT和TiO2/MMT,大幅提高了催化剂的光催化效率,反应300 min时TiO2-Cu2O/MMT对甲基橙溶液的脱色率达到93%。 相似文献
27.
28.
Po-Min Kao Min-Che Tung Bing-Mu Hsu Yi-Chou Chiu Cheng-Yu She Shu-Min Shen Yu-Li Huang Wen-Chien Huang 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(9):6128-6137
In this study, a SYBR green quantitative real-time PCR was developed to quantify and detect the Legionella spp. in various environmental water samples. The water samples were taken from watershed, water treatment plant, and thermal spring area in Taiwan. Legionella was detected in 13.6 % (24/176), and the detection rate for river water, raw drinking water, and thermal spring water was 10, 21.4, and 16.6 %, respectively. Using real-time PCR, concentration of Legionella spp. in detected samples ranged between 9.75?×?104 and 3.47?×?105?cells/L in river water, 6.92?×?104 and 4.29?×?105?cells/L in raw drinking water, and 5.71?×?104 and 2.12?×?106?cells/L for thermal spring water samples. The identified species included Legionella pneumophila (20.8 %), Legionella jordanis (4.2 %), Legionella nautarum (4.2 %), Legionella sp. (4.2 %), and uncultured Legionella sp. (66.6 %). The presence of L. pneumophila in aquatic environments suggested a potential public health threat that must be further examined. 相似文献
29.
特种劳动防护用品的产品认证与标准关系 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
佘启元 《中国个体防护装备》2008,(4):29-31
特种劳动防护用品是指列入发放工业产品生产许可证和实行安全标志管理目录中的产品。“生产许可证”和“安全标志”都是属于强制性认证。 相似文献
30.