Apparent relationships between anthropogenic factors and climate change indicators and POPs deposition in a lacustrine system

Climate change and anthropogenic activities are expected to impact the environmental behaviors and fates of persistent organic pollutants(POPs), however, quantitative studies on these combined factors are scarce. In this study, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDTs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)were used as examples to identify how and when those factors may be related to the deposition of POPs in the sediment of Lake Chaohu, China, using generalized additive models(GAMs). Three historical trends of DDT, PAH, and PCB deposition were delineated in a dated sediment core encompassing ～100 years of historical record: a steady state or gradually increasing stage, a rapidly increasing stage, and a declining stage. The GAM results showed that aquatic total phosphorus(TP) concentrations and regional GDP(anthropogenic factors) were dominant contributors to POP accumulation rates in the lake sediment. The fitted relationships between air temperature and sedimentary DDT and PAH concentrations were linear and negative, while a positive linear relationship was found for PCBs, suggesting that Lake Chaohu may have become a net source for DDTs and PAHs, and a sink for PCBs, under a progressively warming climate.     

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin promotes migration ability of primary cultured rat astrocytes via aryl hydrocarbon receptor

Emerging evidence showed that 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) could induce expression of certain reactivation-associated genes in astrocytes, however, the consequent cellular effects and molecular mechanisms are still unclear. During the process of astrocyte reactivation, migration is a critical cellular event. In the present study, we employed wound-healing assay and Transwell® motility assay to explore the effects of TCDD on cell migration in primary cultured rat cortical astrocytes. We found that upon TCDD treatments at relative low concentrations (10^? 10 and/or 10^? 9?mol/L), the ability of primary astrocytes to migrate horizontally and vertically was promoted. In line with this cellular effect, the mRNA expression of two pro-migratory genes, including cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) was induced by TCDD treatment. Dioxin exerts its toxic effects mainly through aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway. So the role of AhR pathway in the pro-migratory effects of TCDD was examined using an AhR antagonist, CH223191. We found that application of CH223191 significantly reversed the pro-migratory effects of TCDD. Interestingly, the basal ability of horizontal migration as well as basal levels of CDC42 and MMP2 expression were dramatically reduced suggesting a possible physiological role of AhR in maintaining the endogenous migration ability of the primary astrocytes. These findings support the notion that dioxin promotes astrocyte reactivation at molecular and cellular levels.     

轮作方式对冬水田温室气体排放的影响

以位于西南大学农业部重庆紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站内的冬水田(RF)、水稻-油菜轮作(RR)和水稻-儿菜轮作(RV)农田为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对农田的温室气体的排放通量进行了为期一年的原位观测,其中采用静态暗箱技术观测CH4和N2O,静态明箱技术观测CO2.结果表明,不同轮作方式下CH4的年排放总量[以CH4计,kg·hm-2]RF(422.87±27.1) RR(132.05±23.11) RV(50.91±3.83),其中RV与RR处理较RF处理CH4排放量有明显下降(P0.05);N2O的年排放总量[以N2O计,kg·hm-2]依次为RV(21.38±6.51) RR(20.02±5.23) RF(0.48±0.02),RV和RR处理N2O的排放总量均显著高于RF(P0.05);CO2的年净排放总量[以CO2计,t·hm-2]为RR(-55.43±5.04) RV(-29.1±3.00) RF(-14.08±1.81),RV和RR处理CO2的吸收量显著高于RF处理(P0.05).在100a时间尺度上,全年排放的CH4、N2O和CO2所引起综合GWP(以CO2计,t·hm-2)为RR(-46.43) RV(-22.01) RF(-2.11),表明冬水田转变为水旱轮作系统后能显著提升农田生态系统的增汇效果,相比于RV处理,RR处理增汇效果更好,即在西南地区水稻-油菜轮作农田在生态系统增汇上是一种最有效的轮作方式.     

外源Cl-添加对不同母质土壤溶液Cd2+浓度的影响

土壤镉(Cd)的环境行为与其在土壤溶液中的存在形态以及陪伴离子有关,然而外源Cl~-与土壤溶液中Cd~(2+)的关系以及不同母质土壤对Cd~(2+)的环境行为的影响并没有明确的结论.选取2种水稻土(第四纪红色黏土母质发育的红黄泥、紫色砂页岩母质发育的紫泥田)为研究对象,添加离子态外源Cd~(2+)(0、1、2.5、5 mg·kg~(-1)),平衡老化后添加外源Cl~-(0、0.6、1.2 mg·kg~(-1)),在保持水分恒定的情况下进行模拟培养试验,研究外源Cl~-添加对土壤溶液Cd~(2+)浓度的影响.结果表明,随着外源Cd~(2+)的增加,土壤溶液Cd~(2+)的浓度提高,红黄泥土壤溶液Cd~(2+)的浓度显著高于紫泥田;添加Cl~-会使土壤溶液中Cd~(2+)浓度升高,且Cd~(2+)浓度与外源Cl~-呈显著正相关,红黄泥和紫泥田土壤溶液中Cd~(2+)的平均浓度比不添加Cl~-时Cd~(2+)的平均浓度分别增加了12.74%、51.49%;土壤对Cd~(2+)的吸附关系符合Freundlich等温吸附方程,紫泥田对Cd~(2+)的吸附量显著高于红黄泥,添加Cl~-对红黄泥Cd~(2+)的吸附影响很小,而对紫泥田的影响显著.Cl~-存在下,红黄泥和紫泥田的解吸率分别为12.50%～19.25%、14.76%～24.99%,外源Cl~-添加对Cd~(2+)解吸影响小.综合分析认为,Cl~-对不同土壤Cd~(2+)的吸附解吸行为影响有较大的差异.     

宁东基地大气PAHs污染特征及呼吸暴露风险

利用主动观测技术对宁东能源化工基地大气PM_2.5、PM_1.0和气相中的PAHs浓度水平、族谱特征、时空分布及来源进行研究,并基于该观测数据对居民呼吸暴露健康风险进行评估.结果表明,宁东基地大气PM_2.5、PM_1.0及气相中∑₁₆PAHs浓度范围分别为：17.95~325.12ng/m³、12.66~311.96ng/m³和26.33~97.88ng/m³,年均浓度分别为（99.42±117.48）ng/m³、（78.88±100.58）ng/m³和（57.89±47.39）ng/m³.宝丰基地冬夏季大气PM_2.5、PM_1.0和气相中∑₁₆PAHs浓度水平均明显高于英力特;宝丰和英力特基地冬季大气PM_2.5、PM_1.0中∑₁₆PAHs浓度水平均明显高于夏季浓度.宁东基地大气中∑₁₆PAHs的浓度水平要高于国内外其他城市,大气PAHs污染较为严重.源解析表明夏季宁东基地PAHs的主要排放源是工业煤燃烧和机动车尾气,冬季则主要来自工业煤燃烧和木材、薪柴等生物质燃烧排放.宁东基地人群暴露于大气PAHs可能会造成平均冬季每百万人中约有33~2628人罹患癌症,夏季每百万人中约有11~834人罹患癌症的风险.     

Mobility and sulfidization of heavy metals in sediments of a shallow eutrophic lake,Lake Taihu,China

The technique of DGT (diffusive gradients in thin films) using three diffusive gel thicknesses was applied to estimate the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments and porewater of Lake Taihu, China. The DGT results showed significantly positive correlations between Co, Pb, Cd and Mn, and Ni and Fe concentrations in porewater. Cu and Zn showed a significantly negative correlation with Mn, due to Cu combination with carbonates and Zn derived from agricultural pollution, respectively. The rank order of average concentrations of Co, Ni and Cd at each station was DGT_1.92 > DGT_0.78 > DGT_0.39, suggesting stronger resupply from sediments to porewater when using thicker diffusive gels. Comparing centrifugation and DGT measurements, Co, Ni and Cd are highly labile; Mn and Fe are moderately labile; and Cu, Zn and Pb are slightly labile. The variations of AVS concentrations in sediment cores indicate that metal sulfides in deeper layers are easily diffused into surface sediments.     

我国典型区域地表水环境中抗生素污染现状及其生态风险评价

为了解我国典型地表水环境中抗生素污染现状与生态风险,本文通过历史数据收集,利用风险商评价模型(RQ)与风险简单叠加模型(RQSUM)对我国5个典型地表水环境中丰水期的抗生素污染进行生态风险评价.结果表明:①5个区域内地表水在丰水期(4～9月)主要受到8种抗生素污染的生态风险,分别是磺胺甲基异噁唑(SMX)、磺胺甲基嘧啶(SM)、红霉素(ETM)、罗红霉素(RTM)、四环素(TC)、氧土霉素(OTC)、诺氟沙星(NOR)和氧氟沙星(OFL);②5个区域内首要的抗生素污染类型为SMX和ETM,SMX对长江三角洲和巢湖流域的RQ_(SUM)贡献率分别为91. 1%和98. 5%,ETM对江汉平原、珠江三角洲和黄河三角洲的RQ_(SUM)贡献率分别为94. 4%、81. 8%和60%;③根据RQSUM值大小对5个区域内受到抗生素污染的生态风险由高到低排序为:江汉平原(20. 204)长江三角洲(8. 769)巢湖流域(2. 692)黄河三角洲(1. 943)珠江三角洲(1. 222).     

西南喀斯特流域枯季地下水电导率特征及水-岩作用分析

受特殊水文地质条件影响,西南喀斯特流域水动力过程与物质循环过程复杂,利用单一水文信息分析该地区水动力过程具有较大难度。地下水电导率受喀斯特水文地质条件影响显著,可以综合反映区域水动力条件与岩性特征。论文选取贵州普定县后寨河流域为研究区,通过野外调查及地下水电导率原位测定,结合流域地形、岩性及落水洞、岩溶泉等岩溶地貌空间分布规律,分析了喀斯特流域枯季地下水电导率空间分布及其受水-岩特征的影响。结果表明,山丘区地下水电导率较低,主要由于喀斯特山区是岩溶裂隙/管道网络发育的强径流区,水-岩接触时间较短。随高程降低,地下水电导率呈现增加趋势,表明地下水流速度减缓,水-岩接触时间变长。地下水电导率受岩性特征影响显著,石灰岩区水-岩作用强烈,易形成较高电导率地下水,平均电导率650 μS/cm,白云岩区水-岩作用减弱,地下水电导率降低,平均值523 μS/cm。     

岩溶山区城镇化进程的土地利用景观格局演变特征——以贵阳市为例

基于多期贵阳市土地利用现状数据,运用景观生态学原理系统研究了城镇化进程中贵阳市景观格局时空演变特征。结果表明,城镇化进程中建设用地景观面积持续增加,耕地、林地和草地景观面积减少。城市建设用地景观早期集中于贵阳市中部,其它呈零星点状分布;中期以南部和西北部为主,逐渐由零星点状向带状发展;后期由带状向四周拓展的区位演变特征。城镇化进程中景观蔓延度和景观形状呈下降趋势,斑块数和破碎度增加,景观形状趋于规则;景观多样性和均匀度随城镇化推进有所上升,景观异质性增强。景观格局变化受控于国家政策、城市发展理念与规划调整。     

全国大气背景地区黑碳浓度特征

分析了2015年14个背景站黑碳浓度水平及分布规律,结果表明:我国背景地区黑碳小时浓度均值呈现明显的对数正态分布特征,14个背景站880 nm波长时年均质量浓度为88.7~1 487.6 ng/m~3,小时最大峰值为685.0~13 731.0 ng/m~3,长岛和衡山相对较高;24 h日浓度变化基本呈现"单峰"状,但峰值出现时刻有所不同;工作日和周末的浓度变化趋势基本相似,但浓度高低与所在区域生产生活方式不同而有所差异。初步探讨了风速和风向与浓度污染水平的关系,相对风速而言,风向对黑碳的浓度影响较大,后向轨迹结果也印证了风向的影响。