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221.
Extreme events associated with global change will impose increasing stress on coastal organisms. How strong biological interactions
such as the host–parasite arms-race are modulated by environmental change is largely unknown. The immune system of invertebrates,
in particular phagocytosis and phenoloxidase activity response are key defence mechanisms against parasites, yet they may
be sensitive to environmental perturbations. We here simulated an extreme event that mimicked the European heat wave in 2003
to investigate the effect of environmental change on the immunocompetence of the mesograzer Idotea baltica. Unlike earlier studies, our experiment aimed at simulation of the natural situation as closely as possible by using long
acclimation, a slow increase in temperature and a natural community setting including the animals’ providence with natural
food sources (Zostera marina and Fucus vesiculosus). Our results demonstrate that a simulated heat wave results in decreased immunocompetence of the mesograzer Idotea baltica, in particular a drop of phagocytosis by 50%. This suggests that global change has the potential to significantly affect
host–parasite interactions. 相似文献
222.
223.
This paper provides an account of developments and events in the Departments of Geography and Psychology at Clark University during the 1960s that led up the establishment at Clark of a flourishing, though largely informal program of graduate training and research in environment-and-behavior, involving close collaboration among members of these two departments. The paper concludes with some reflections on the structural problems besetting the development of new interdisciplinary programs at the graduate level, such as the field of environment-and-behavior appears to call for. The history of the experience at Clark (as at other institutions), it is suggested, points to more informal devices and arrangements that do not explicitly challenge the established disciplinary order as more likely to be crowned with success. 相似文献
224.
Lagarde Adrien Doyen Luc Claudet Joachim Thebaud Olivier 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2022,27(5):771-789
Environmental Modeling & Assessment - This paper investigates the ecological-economic sustainability of coral reef socio-ecological systems under fishing and environmental pressures. To achieve... 相似文献