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421.
422.
The Aquatic Macrophyte Community Index (AMCI) is a multipurpose tool developed to assess the biological quality of aquatic
plant communities in lakes. It can be used to specifically analyze aquatic plant communities or as part of a multimetric system
to assess overall lake quality for regulatory, planning, management, educational, or research purposes. The components of
the index are maximum depth of plant growth; percentage of the littoral zone vegetated; Simpson's diversity index; the relative
frequencies of submersed, sensitive, and exotic species; and taxa number. Each parameter was scaled based on data distributions
from a statewide database, and scaled values were totaled for the AMCI value. AMCI values were grouped and tested by ecoregion
and lake type (natural lakes and impoundments) to define quality on a regional basis. This analysis suggested that aquatic
plant communities are divided into four groups: (1) Northern Lakes and Forests lakes and impoundments, (2) North-Central Hardwood
Forests lakes and impoundments, (3) Southeastern Wisconsin Till Plains lakes, and (4) Southeastern Wisconsin Till Plains impoundments,
Driftless Area Lakes, and Mississippi River Backwater lakes. AMCI values decline from group 1 to group 4 and reflect general
water quality and human use trends in Wisconsin. The upper quartile of AMCI values in any region are the highest quality or
benchmark plant communities. The interquartile range consists of normally impacted communities for the region and the lower
quartile contains severely impacted or degraded plant communities. When AMCI values were applied to case studies, the values
reflected known impacts to the lakes. However, quality criteria cannot be used uncritically, especially in lakes that initially
have low nutrient levels. 相似文献
423.
A protocol for risk assessment at inactive hazardous material disposal sites has been developed by using mathematical modeling and estimation techniques. Compared with ranking models, the protocol yields quantitative results with a minimum of input data that may be used to select among management, scientific, or engineering alternatives for the site. This article reviews the background, presents the protocol, illustrates the application of the protocol, and demonstrates the use of the protocol in conjunction with thecritical environmental area concept. Comparisons are also presented with other model systems such as the EPA HRS. 相似文献
424.
Peter R. Rich L. Joe Moffitt 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1982,18(6):1033-1037
ABSTRACT: This paper illustrates one mode of analysis for estimating the benefits of water pollution control projects. Results indicate regional benefits associated with an abatement program instituted for point source pollution along the Housatonic River during the 1960's were substantial. Studies of this kind can aid regulatory and recreation resource administrators in devising and evaluating environmental programs. 相似文献
425.
Shimpei Iwasaki Bam Haja Nirina Razafindrabe Rajib Shaw 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(4):339-355
Climate change combined with human activities poses significant risks to people’s livelihood especially in developing countries.
Adaptation at the community level is of crucial importance in enabling them to respond to the direct and indirect effects
of changes in climate. In a case study of fishing communities in Chilika lagoon, India, the focus is made on understanding
climate change adaptation at the community level and scaling it up into the policy perspective through application of Sustainable
Livelihood Approach. This article challenges the research and policy community to encourage the identification of locally
negative constraints and positive strengths toward climate resilient communities in rural areas.
相似文献
Rajib ShawEmail: |
426.
Wind has previously been shown to influence the location and orientation of spider web sites and also the geometry and material
composition of constructed orb webs. We now show that wind also influences components of prey-catching behaviour within the
web. A small wind tunnel was used to generate different wind speeds. Araneus diadematus ran more slowly towards entangled Drosophila melanogaster in windy conditions, which took less time to escape the web. This indicates a lower capture probability and a diminished
overall predation efficiency for spiders at higher wind speeds. We conclude that spiders’ behaviour of taking down their webs
as wind speed increases may therefore not be a response only to possible web damage. 相似文献
427.
With the UN‐led celebration of the International Year of Youth from August 2010 to August 2011 there has been a renewed interest in young people and the vital role they can play in important issues, such as disaster risk reduction (DRR). This study aims to examine the potential of science clubs as a vehicle for youth participation in DRR in the Philippines. A questionnaire survey was conducted to obtain quantitative and qualitative data. A total of 658 science club members from different provinces of the Philippines participated in the survey. The result of the survey is used to explain how the major barriers to youth participation in DRR can be overcome. Through science clubs, the youth can become a link between their school, home and community and can contribute to spreading knowledge about disaster prevention, preparedness and response learned inside and outside the classroom. 相似文献
428.
Fabrizia Ratto Tom D. Breeze Lorna J. Cole Michael P. D. Garratt David Kleijn Bill Kunin Denis Michez Rory O'Connor Jeff Ollerton Robert J. Paxton Guy M. Poppy Simon G. Potts Deepa Senapathi Rosalind Shaw Lynn V. Dicks Kelvin S.-H. Peh 《Conservation biology》2022,36(4):e13886
Pollinator declines have prompted efforts to assess how land-use change affects insect pollinators and pollination services in agricultural landscapes. Yet many tools to measure insect pollination services require substantial landscape-scale data and technical expertise. In expert workshops, 3 straightforward methods (desk-based method, field survey, and empirical manipulation with exclusion experiments) for rapid insect pollination assessment at site scale were developed to provide an adaptable framework that is accessible to nonspecialist with limited resources. These methods were designed for TESSA (Toolkit for Ecosystem Service Site-Based Assessment) and allow comparative assessment of pollination services at a site of conservation interest and in its most plausible alternative state (e.g., converted to agricultural land). We applied the methods at a nature reserve in the United Kingdom to estimate the value of insect pollination services provided by the reserve. The economic value of pollination services provided by the reserve ranged from US$6163 to US$11,546/year. The conversion of the reserve to arable land would provide no insect pollination services and a net annual benefit from insect-pollinated crop production of approximately $1542/year (US$24∙ha–1∙year–1). The methods had wide applicability and were readily adapted to different insect-pollinated crops: rape (Brassica napus) and beans (Vicia faba) crops. All methods were rapidly employed under a low budget. The relatively less robust methods that required fewer resources yielded higher estimates of annual insect pollination benefit. 相似文献
429.
Environment, Development and Sustainability - Sustainability has emerged as a dominating paradigm across global institutions as a critical component for their prospects. Organisations all across... 相似文献