The urban fringe has been described as 'planning's last frontier'; a zone of transition and interface between town and country where a broad variety of land uses and activities come together, and where development pressure is often intense. In this paper, we argue that the urban fringe possesses special characteristics, making it more than simply a transitional landscape. These characteristics centre on patterns of land use, biodiversity and leisure/development opportunity which are unique to the urban edge and to land extending away from built-up areas. The uniqueness, diversity and particular dynamics of the urban fringe demands a special brand of planning and management response. Therefore we suggest that the principle of 'multi-functionality' provides a framework for action, showing how diversity can be managed and supported. Through brief case studies, we demonstrate how functional interactions at the urban fringe might be promoted in the future. 相似文献
Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the safety benefits of in vehicle lane departure warning (LDW) and lane keeping aid (LKA) systems in reducing relevant real-world passenger car injury crashes.
Methods: The study used an induced exposure method, where LDW/LKA-sensitive and nonsensitive crashes were compared for Volvo passenger cars equipped with and without LDW/LKA systems. These crashes were matched by car make, model, model year, and technical equipment; that is, low-speed autonomous emergency braking (AEB) called City Safety (CS). The data were extracted from the Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition database (STRADA) and consisted of 1,853 driver injury crashes that involved 146 LDW-equipped cars, 11 LKA-equipped cars, and 1,696 cars without LDW/LKA systems.
Results: The analysis showed a positive effect of the LDW/LKA systems in reducing lane departure crashes. The LDW/LKA systems were estimated to reduce head-on and single-vehicle injury crashes on Swedish roads with speed limits between 70 and 120 km/h and with dry or wet road surfaces (i.e., not covered by ice or snow) by 53% with a lower limit of 11% (95% confidence interval [CI]). This reduction corresponded to a reduction of 30% with a lower limit of 6% (95% CI) for all head-on and single-vehicle driver injury crashes (including all speed limits and all road surface conditions).
Conclusions: LDW/LKA systems were estimated to lower the driver injury risk in crash types that the systems are designed to prevent; that is, head-on and single-vehicle crashes. Though these are important findings, they were based on a small data set. Therefore, further research is desirable to evaluate the effectiveness of LDW/LKA systems under real-world conditions and to differentiate the effectiveness between technical solutions (i.e., LDW and LKA) proposed by different manufacturers. 相似文献
The main aims of this study were to investigate (1) the occurrence and strength of the shyness–boldness behavioural syndrome
in brown trout fry, (2) whether this syndrome is associated with paternal migratory life history, (3) whether fry survival
and growth in the wild is associated with paternal life history and/or boldness and (4) whether offspring performance showed
maternal effects. Nine female migratory trout were each crossed with one migratory and one resident male and the offspring
were raised in hatchery tanks until first feeding. The behavioural studies showed that fry that responded bold towards a novel
object also accepted a novel food item earlier and responded more aggressively towards their own mirror image. Principal component
analysis showed that this shyness–boldness syndrome (PC1) explained 34% of the behavioural variation. Offspring boldness was
not affected by paternal migratory life history, but significant effects of the female parent suggested maternal and/or genetic
effects. Deviations from this pattern (PC2), where some individuals behaved less aggressively and performed more approaches
to food, explained an additional 17% of the variation in behaviour, and was significantly influenced by length and paternal
migratory life history. Fry growth and survival in nature was not associated with boldness (PC1) or PC2, suggesting that alternative
behavioural strategies can be successful in nature. However, female parent effects on variation in fry size persisted over
the first growth period in the wild, suggesting that these effects may influence offspring fitness during early life when
major selection occurs. 相似文献
Many bacteria live in close association with sponges. Within these consortia, molecules of communication such as quorum-sensing and hormone-like molecules may occur in order to regulate the partnership. Of particular interest, bacterial N-acyl-l-homoserine lactones (AHLs) were screened in supernatants from Suberites domuncula-associated bacteria using an E. coli bioluminescent reporter system. These sponge-associated bacteria were beforehand isolated on several media supplemented or not with a sponge extract to attempt to isolate sponge-specific bacteria. Out of 81 AHL-producing bacteria, three strains requiring sponge extract to grow were selected for AHL characterization. The in vitro produced AHLs, that is, in bacterial culture supernatants, were identified as N-(3-butanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone and N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone and quantified using LC–ESI–MS/MS. The in vivo production of AHLs by sponge-associated bacteria has also been demonstrated in a healthy host for the first time: N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone, N-(3-hexanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone, and N-(3-heptanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone. This AHL production in sponges may suggest a potential role of these molecules between sponge-associated bacteria and/or between sponge-associated bacteria and the sponge. 相似文献
In insect societies, workers often try to challenge the reproductive monopoly of the queen by laying their own eggs. Successful
worker reproduction, however, is frequently prevented by queen policing or worker policing, whereby either the mother queen
or non-reproductive workers selectively kill worker-laid eggs. Recently, a third mechanism—“selfish” worker policing—has also
been described in which the workers selectively police worker-laid eggs but also lay eggs themselves. Here, we present results
from the monogynous wasp Dolichovespula norwegica, which show that all three kinds of policing—queen policing, worker policing and “selfish” worker policing—co-occur. The
net effect of these three kinds of policing collectively favoured the queen’s reproduction, as within 1 day 44% of the worker-laid
eggs versus only 8% of the queen-laid eggs were eaten. Of the worker-laid eggs that were killed by workers, approximately
two thirds were eaten by the reproductive workers even though these made up only a small proportion, 8%, of the work force.
This means that policing workers obtained both direct fitness benefits as well as indirect (inclusive) fitness. In addition,
we show that worker policing was carried out by a limited, specialised set of workers that was estimated to constitute approximately
one quarter of the whole colony and of which 66% were non-reproductive. 相似文献
This is a study of the scientific component of an effort to restore an urban river by removing a low-head dam. The Secor Dam
is owned by a local government entity near Toledo, Ohio. The proposed removal of the last structure impeding flow on the Ottawa
River has broad appeal, but the owner is concerned about liability issues, particularly potential changes to the flood regime,
the presence of contaminated sediments behind the dam, and possible downstream transport of reservoir sediments. Assessing
sediment contamination involved sediment sampling and analysis of trace metals and organic contaminants. Forecasting sediment
transport involved field methods to determine the volume and textural properties of reservoir and upstream sediment and calculations
to determine the fate of reservoir sediments. Forecasting changes in the flood regime involved HEC-RAS hydrological models
to determine before and after dam removal flood scenarios using LiDAR data imported into an ArcGIS database. The resulting
assessment found potential sediment contamination to be minor, and modeling showed that the removal of the dam would have
minimal impacts on sediment transport and flood hazards. Based on the assessment, the removal of the dam has been approved
by its owners. 相似文献
The apparently dissolved concentration of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and three planar polychlorinated biphenyls (pPCBs) were sampled and analysed in the water column of a marine fjord system. We also measured how much of these persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were associated with suspended particles. The field observations showed that an unexpectedly high portion of the pollutants were particle-associated. The factor of deviation from model predictions had positive linear regression on the soot carbon:particulate organic carbon ratio of the particles, and on estimates of the soot-water distribution coefficient for the PCNs. The spatial distribution of surface sediment concentrations of PCNs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were found to consistently follow the sediment content of soot (f(SC)) to a larger extent than the bulk organic matter (f(OC)). There were no systematic differences in the strength of correlation of sediments concentrations of other POPs, i.e. octachlorostyrene and organochlorine pesticides with sediment concentration to f(SC) and f(OC). Mechanisms possible of generating these types of observations, e.g. adsorption to soot carbon in the marine particle, are discussed. 相似文献
Starting from six regional climate change scenarios, nitrogen leaching from arable-soil, water discharge, and nitrogen retention was modeled in the R?nne? catchment. Additionally, biological response was modeled in the eutrophic Lake Ringsj?n. The results are compared with similar studies on other catchments. All scenarios gave similar impact on water quality but varied in quantities. However, one scenario resulted in a different transport pattern due to less-pronounced seasonal variations in the hydrology. On average, the study shows that, in a future climate, we might expect: i) increased concentrations of nitrogen in the arable root zone (+50%) and in the river (+13%); ii) increased annual load of nitrogen from land to sea (+22%) due to more pronounced winter high flow; moreover, remote areas in the catchment may start to contribute to the outlet load; iii) radical changes in lake biochemistry with increased concentrations of total phosphorus (+50%), total nitrogen (+20%), and planktonic algae such as cyanobacteria (+80%). 相似文献