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131.
132.
Johannes Stökl Robert Twele Dirk H. Erdmann Wittko Francke Manfred Ayasse 《Chemoecology》2007,17(4):231-233
Summary.
Ophrys flowers mimic the female produced sex pheromone of their pollinator species to attract males for pollination. The males try
to copulate with the putative female and thereby pollinate the flower. Using electrophysiological and chemical analyses, floral
volatiles released by O. iricolor as well as the female sex pheromone of its pollinator species, Andrena morio are investigated. Overall, 38 peaks comprising 41 chemical compounds, were found to release reactions in the antennae of
male A. morio bees. Analyses using coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence of alkanes and alkenes with 20 to
29 carbon atoms, aldehydes (C9 to C24) and two esters. Almost all of those compounds were found in similar proportions in
both, the floral extracts of O. iricolor and cuticle surface extracts of A. morio females. The pattern of biologically active volatiles described here is very similar to that used by other Ophrys species pollinated by Andrena males. 相似文献
133.
Carbon isotope fractionation during reductive dechlorination of TCE in batch experiments with iron samples from reactive barriers 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Reductive dechlorination of trichloroethene (TCE) by zero-valent iron produces a systematic enrichment of 13C in the remaining substrate that can be described using a Rayleigh model. In this study, fractionation factors for TCE dechlorination with iron samples from two permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) were established in batch experiments. Samples included original unused iron as well as material from a barrier in Belfast after almost 4 years of operation. Despite the variety of samples, carbon isotope fractionations of TCE were remarkably similar and seemed to be independent of iron origin, reaction rate, and formation of precipitates on the iron surfaces. The average enrichment factor for all experiments was -10.1 per thousand (+/- 0.4 per thousand). These results indicate that the enrichment factor provides a powerful tool to monitor the reaction progress, and thus the performance, of an iron-reactive barrier over time. The strong fractionation observed may also serve as a tool to distinguish between insufficient residence time in the wall and a possible bypassing of the wall by the plume, which should result in an unchanged isotopic signature of the TCE. Although further work is necessary to apply this stable isotope method in the field, it has potential to serve as a unique monitoring tool for PRBs based on zero-valent iron. 相似文献
134.
135.
Michael Stoeffler Till Tolasch Johannes L. M. Steidle 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(8):1605-1613
Myrmecophiles, i.e., organisms associated with ants live in a variety of ecological niches in the vicinity or inside ant colonies
and employ different strategies to survive ant encounters. Because different niches are characterized by different encounter
rates with host ants, strategies used to avoid ant aggressions should depend on these niches. This hypothesis was studied
with three rove beetle species of the genus Pella, which are myrmecophiles of the ant Lasius fuliginosus and the non-myrmecophilous relative Drusilla canaliculata. Behavioral tests in the field revealed that Pella species are better adapted to interactions with ants than D. canaliculata, but that they use species-specific strategies in ant interactions. Pella cognata and Pella funesta avoid encounters with ants by swift movements. Chemical analyses of the defensive tergal gland secretions showed that P. cognata has replaced the aggression inducing undecane by the behaviorally neutral tridecane. P. funesta repels the ants by releasing the panic alarm pheromone sulcatone from its tergal gland resulting in an “ant free space” around
the beetles. Finally, Pella laticollis uses a specific and unique appeasing behavior. Behavioral and chemical data did not reveal any indication for the mimicry
of the ants' cuticular hydrocarbon profiles by any of the beetle species. It is discussed that the employed strategies correlate
with the ecological niches of the beetles. P. cognata and P. funesta are living along ant trails with ample space to escape and the employed strategies are probably sufficient to escape from
dangerous conflicts. In contrast, P. laticollis lives in refuse areas of ant nests with frequent ant encounters, and its appeasement strategy allows it to stay at the encounter
site. 相似文献
136.
He Yuejun Cornelissen Johannes H. C. Wang Pengpeng Dong Ming Ou Jing 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2019,26(9):8828-8837
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The formation of a common mycorrhizal network (CMN) between roots of different plant species enables nutrient transfers from one plant to another and... 相似文献
137.
Georg Steinhauser Stefan Merz Dieter Hainz Johannes H. Sterba 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(4):2527-2534
Several environmental media in Austria were monitored for artificial radionuclides released during the Fukushima nuclear accident. Air (up to 1.2 mBq/m3 particulate 131I) and rainwater (up to 5.2 Bq/L 131I) proved to be the media best suited for the environmental monitoring, allowing also a temporal resolution of the activity levels. Significant regional differences in the wet deposition of 131I with rain could be observed within the city of Vienna during the arrival of the contaminated air masses. Forward-trajectory analysis supported the hypothesis that the contaminated air masses coming from the northwest changed direction to northeast over Northern Austria, leading to a strong activity concentration gradient over Vienna. In the course of the environmental monitoring of the Fukushima releases, this phenomenon—significant differences of 131I activity concentrations in rainwater on a narrow local scale (8.1 km)—appears to be unique. Vegetation (grass) was contaminated with 131I and/or 137Cs at a low level. Soil (up to 22 Bq/kg 137Cs) was only affected by previous releases (nuclear weapon tests, Chernobyl). Here, also significant local differences can be observed due to different deposition rates during the Chernobyl accident. The effective ecological half-lives of 137Cs in soil were calculated for four locations in Austria. They range from 7 to 30 years. No Austrian sample investigated herein exceeded the detection limit for 134Cs; hence, the Fukushima nuclear accident did not contribute significantly to the total radiocesium inventory in Austrian environmental media. The levels of detected radioactivity were of no concern for public health. 相似文献
138.
Tina Heger Anna T. Pahl Zoltan Botta-Dukát Francesca Gherardi Christina Hoppe Ivan Hoste Kurt Jax Leena Lindström Pieter Boets Sylvia Haider Johannes Kollmann Meike J. Wittmann Jonathan M. Jeschke 《Ambio》2013,42(5):527-540
Invasion ecology has much advanced since its early beginnings. Nevertheless, explanation, prediction, and management of biological invasions remain difficult. We argue that progress in invasion research can be accelerated by, first, pointing out difficulties this field is currently facing and, second, looking for measures to overcome them. We see basic and applied research in invasion ecology confronted with difficulties arising from (A) societal issues, e.g., disparate perceptions of invasive species; (B) the peculiarity of the invasion process, e.g., its complexity and context dependency; and (C) the scientific methodology, e.g., imprecise hypotheses. To overcome these difficulties, we propose three key measures: (1) a checklist for definitions to encourage explicit definitions; (2) implementation of a hierarchy of hypotheses (HoH), where general hypotheses branch into specific and precisely testable hypotheses; and (3) platforms for improved communication. These measures may significantly increase conceptual clarity and enhance communication, thus advancing invasion ecology. 相似文献
139.
Sex pheromones are used by a wide variety of species in terrestrial ecosystems. Much less is known about these pheromones
in aquatic systems e.g., for diving beetles. To test the use of pheromones and visual signals for mate finding by the diving
beetle Rhantus suturalis (MacLeay 1825), behavioral experiments were performed using three different types of vessels containing conspecific. In experiments
with non-permeable glass flasks, which did not allow the diffusion of chemical substances, males and females did not stimulate
any reaction by conspecific of either sex. In experiments with opaque but water permeable vessels, and in experiments with
vessels made of finely woven steel, which allowed the perception of chemical as well as optical cues, male diving beetles
were significantly attracted to females. Females were attracted to other females only in the last experiment, when simultaneously
perceiving chemical and optical cues. These results indicate that R. suturalis females release sex pheromones to attract mating partners, which is the first experimental demonstration of pheromones in
the Dytiscidae. 相似文献
140.
Globally, policies aiming for conservation of species, free-flowing rivers, and promotion of hydroelectricity as renewable energy and as a means to decarbonize energy systems generate trade-offs between protecting freshwater fauna and development of hydropower. Hydroelectric turbines put fish at risk of severe injury during passage. Therefore, comprehensive, reliable analyses of turbine-induced fish mortality are pivotal to support an informed debate on the sustainability of hydropower (i.e., how much a society is willing to pay in terms of costs incurred on rivers and their biota). We compiled and examined a comprehensive, global data set of turbine fish-mortality assessments involving >275,000 individual fish of 75 species to estimate mortality across turbine types and fish species. Average fish mortality from hydroelectric turbines was 22.3% (95% CI 17.5–26.7%) when accounting for common uncertainties related to empirical estimates (e.g., handling- or catch-related effects). Mortality estimates were highly variable among and within different turbine types, study methods, and taxa. Technical configurations of hydroelectric turbines that successfully reduce fish mortality and fish-protective hydropower operation as a global standard could balance the need for renewable energy with protection of fish biodiversity. 相似文献