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21.
James D. Salierno Melissa Lopes Michelle Rivera 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2016,51(10):695-702
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of early life stage triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4, dichlorophenoxy)phenol, TCS) exposure on hatching, development, and survival in the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. Embryonic minnows were exposed to TCS (50 and 100 µg L?1) for 10 days followed by 6 weeks depuration. Mortality and morphological deformities were recorded and quantified during exposure and at the end of depuration. No significant effects on embryonic survival, time to reach the eyed stage, or hatching were found. However, at the conclusion of the depuration period, survival was significantly reduced in TCS exposed fish depending on the concentration. Visual inspection of the exposed fish suggests that mortality is related to spinal deformities, emaciation, and reduced foraging ability. Triclosan exhibits deleterious effects in fish at lower concentrations over longer durations than previously reported. Further, mortality in exposed fish 6 weeks after exposure demonstrates the need for various exposure assays to evaluate effects of TCS. 相似文献
22.
Efrén García-Ordiales José María Esbrí Stefano Covelli Miguel Angel López-Berdonces Pablo L. Higueras Jorge Loredo 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2016,23(7):6024-6038
Sediments from the Castilseras reservoir, located downstream on the Valdeazogues River in the Almadén mercury district, were collected to assess the potential contamination status related to metals(oids) associated with river sediment inputs from several decommissioned mines. Metals(oids) concentrations in the reservoir sediments were investigated using different physical and chemical techniques. The results were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) to explain the correlations between the sets of variables. The degree of contamination was evaluated using the enrichment factor (EF) and the geoaccumulation index (Igeo). PCA revealed that the silty fraction is the main metals(oids) carrier in the sediments. Among the potentially harmful elements, there is a group (Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn) that cannot be strictly correlated to the mining activity since their concentrations depend on the lithological and edaphological characteristics of the materials. In contrast, As, Co, Hg, Pb, and S showed significant enrichment and contamination, thus suggesting relevant contributions from the decommissioned mines through fluvial sediment inputs. As far as Hg and S are concerned, the high enrichment levels pose a question concerning the potential environmental risk of transfer of the organic forms of Hg (mainly methylmercury) from the bottom sediments to the aquatic food chain. 相似文献
23.
Thomas M. Lewinsohn José Luiz Attayde Carlos Roberto Fonseca Gislene Ganade Leonardo Ré Jorge Johannes Kollmann Gerhard E. Overbeck Paulo Inácio Prado Valério D. Pillar Daniela Popp Pedro L. B. da Rocha Wesley Rodrigues Silva Annette Spiekermann Wolfgang W. Weisser 《Ambio》2015,44(2):154-162
Ecological science contributes to solving a broad range of environmental problems. However, lack of ecological literacy in practice often limits application of this knowledge. In this paper, we highlight a critical but often overlooked demand on ecological literacy: to enable professionals of various careers to apply scientific knowledge when faced with environmental problems. Current university courses on ecology often fail to persuade students that ecological science provides important tools for environmental problem solving. We propose problem-based learning to improve the understanding of ecological science and its usefulness for real-world environmental issues that professionals in careers as diverse as engineering, public health, architecture, social sciences, or management will address. Courses should set clear learning objectives for cognitive skills they expect students to acquire. Thus, professionals in different fields will be enabled to improve environmental decision-making processes and to participate effectively in multidisciplinary work groups charged with tackling environmental issues. 相似文献
24.
Geographical areas constitute the basic implementation locus for integrated coastal zone management strategies and activities.
Because the definition of territorial planning objectives may be affected by socioeconomic and environmental characteristics,
one of the main steps in the process involves dividing the coast into homogeneous environmental management units (HEMUs).
This article presents a general and simple method for regionalizing the landside of a coastal zone into HEMUs and illustrates
it through application to the Catalan coast. Socioeconomic and natural (biophysical) subsystems were selected as the most
appropriate dimensions of the regionalization process. Dimensions were described using 11 spatial themes, which were managed
in a geographic information system environment that proved to be an adequate tool for the purpose. A final coastal zone map
of four classes of HEMUs connected to local administrative units was obtained, and because it reflects the current natural
and socioeconomic dynamics, it can be considered as an initial step in the planning process for the Catalan coast. Although
the proposed method was developed based on the characteristics of the Catalan coast, it is general enough to be adapted and
applied to most developed or developing coastal areas. 相似文献
25.
Scaratti Gidiane De Noni Júnior Agenor José Humberto Jorge de Fatima Peralta Muniz Moreira Regina 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2020,27(18):22144-22154
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - 1,4-Dioxane is a synthetic cyclic ether traditionally used as a chlorinated solvent stabilizer. It is a small molecule and recalcitrant compound that... 相似文献
26.
Reich S Magallanes J Dawidowski L Gómez D Groselj N Zupan J 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,119(1-3):441-457
Air pollutant concentrations from a monitoring campaign in Buenos Aires City, Argentina, are used to investigate the relationships between ambient levels of ozone (O3), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) as a function of NO
x
(=NO + NO2). This campaign undertaken by the electricity sector was aimed at elucidating the apportionment of thermal power plants to air quality deterioration. Concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) were also registered. Photo stationary state (PSS) of the NO, NO2, O3 and peroxy radicals species has been analysed. The ‘oxidant’ level concept has been introduced, OX (=O3 + NO2), which varies with the level of NO
x
. It is shown that this level is made up of NO
x
-independent and NO
x
-dependent contributions. The former is a regional contribution that equates the background O3 level, whereas the latter is a local contribution that correlates with the level of primary pollution. Furthermore, the anticorrelation between NO2 and O3 levels, which is a characteristic of the atmospheric photo stationary cycle has been verified.The analysis of the concentration of the primary pollutants CO and NO strongly suggests that the vehicle traffic is the principal source of them. Levels of continuous measurements of SO2 for Buenos Aires City are reported in this work as a complement of previously published results. 相似文献
27.
Jorge Cunha Manuel Lopes Nunes Fátima Lima 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2018,20(1):163-179
Due to the high rates of energy consumption and its impact on environment over the last decades, policy decision-makers are increasingly recognising the need to take actions that allow to address problems associated with the deployment of non-renewable resources and climate changes. One field of action has been the promotion of measures that contribute to improve energy efficiency of countries. The purpose of this study is to identify the main factors explaining changes in energy efficiency applying the multiplicative Log Mean Divisia Index decomposition method for a set of countries (Portugal, UK, Brazil and China) with different socio-economic background and energy mix. The results show that overall energy efficiency trends display different patterns between countries and the same happens within each country from a sectoral perspective. Major drivers of improvements of overall energy efficiency were the intensity effect and the affluence effect, whereas the driver that hampered those improvements was the energy consumption per capita. Some policy implications derived from the results achieved are: policy decision-makers should support measures that promote the adoption of energy-saving technologies resulting from new technological developments; policy measures should be directed to raise awareness of end-users regarding energy efficiency and energy conservation efforts; policy measures promoting economic growth through the development (or expansion) of sectors of activity that consume less energy can also be implemented; finally, policy instruments may also be used to reduce the costs of implementing energy efficiency and energy-saving measures to households and firms. 相似文献
28.
Thais Cristina de Oliveira Souza Rafael Coll Delgado Iris Cristiane Magistrali Gilsonley Lopes dos Santos Daniel Costa de Carvalho Paulo Eduardo Teodoro Carlos Antônio da Silva Júnior Rodrigo Hotzz Caúla 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2018,190(11):688
This study aimed to analyze the spectral trend of vegetation with rainfall in El Niño-Southern Oscillation events (ENSO) in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Monthly rainfall data were collected from 85 conventional meteorological stations (EMC), data from the Enhanced Vegetation Index 2 (EVI2) and ENSO events (El Niño, La Niña, and Neutral) in the period from 2001 to 2013. Afterwards, state cluster analysis was performed using the results of non-parametric tests. The Mann-Kendall (MK) non-parametric test did not identify a trend pattern in rainfall distribution in the Atlantic Forest. The results for EVI2 by state and region showed that the trend is decreasing in the Northeast Region, except for the states of Alagoas and Pernambuco. Southeast region showed an increasing trend of EVI2 (except for Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo), while the South region showed a decreasing trend. In the Midwest, the trend was significantly decreasing. In the prognosis elaborated for the future, the regions with significant declines of the vegetation were the Northeast and Midwest. This study shows that the Atlantic Forest in some regions of Brazil has been suffering from the growing urbanization process and there is a trend of soil degradation. 相似文献
29.
Jorge Pey Andrés Alastuey Xavier Querol Noemí Pérez Michael Cusack 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(39):5112-5121
The present work shows a straightforward procedure to indirectly estimate the chemical composition at a given site only from the determination of the PM concentrations, and the classification of the days according to the main meteorological scenarios. A previous study based on the mean chemical composition associated to the main meteorological scenarios is required.This experiment has been carried out with data from two monitoring sites in the North-Western Mediterranean, one regional and one suburban background. At both sites, one-year datasets on chemical PM10 composition were obtained. Based on these datasets, the mean PM10 compositions according to the most relevant meteorological situations were calculated for both locations. After that, the reconstruction of the chemical composition for all the days with available PM10 concentrations was completed. Subsequently, the estimated PM10 composition was compared with that determined experimentally. The comparison between the rebuilt and the experimental results was very satisfactory in the case of the regional background site, and relatively replaced in the other case. Furthermore, the validation of the method at the regional background site has been conducted from the reconstruction of a 4-year data base, and subsequent comparison with the experimental chemical composition.Our results show that it is possible to attain a good approach to the chemical composition at regional background sites, where local emission sources are negligible. Conversely, when the local sources rise in importance, i.e., at a suburban background site, the approach is suitable only for those components with a more regional origin and/or those from long range transport of air masses. 相似文献
30.
Jorge Rickards 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2010,101(5):333-337
The functioning of radon diffusion chambers was studied using the Monte Carlo code RAMMX developed here. The alpha particles from radon are assumed randomly produced in the volume of the cylinder, and those from the progeny are assumed to originate randomly at the cylindrical surface. The energy spectrum, the distribution of incident angles, and the distribution of path lengths of the alpha particles on the detector were obtained. These quantities vary depending on input parameters such as initial alpha particle energy, radius and depth of the diffusion chamber, detector size and atmospheric pressure. The calculated energy spectrum for both 222Rn and 220Rn was compared with experiment, permitting the identification of each peak and its origin, and a better understanding of radon monitoring. Three aspects not considered in previous calculations are progeny alphas coming from surfaces of the monitor, taking into account the atmospheric pressure, and including the isotope 220Rn. 相似文献