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971.
This study investigated the impact of employment status (temporary/regular) on the employee–organization relationship in samples from two firms employing both temps (n = 234) and regular or core (n = 204) workers. Temps and regular workers held similar beliefs regarding the nature of their employment relationship. However, among those temps for whom temporary work was their preferred status, the employment relationship was less socioemotional and more economic than was the case for other workers. When these temps preferred regular employment, their relationships were high socioemotional and low economic, comparable with that of core workers. A employee–organization relationship high on socioemotional terms was positively related to satisfaction with the organization, an attitude which in turn mediated the relationship between employment relationship and employees' performance and civic virtue behaviors (behaviors as assessed by their supervisors). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
972.
973.
Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability Through the Use of GIS Tools in South Sicily (Italy) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study assessed coastal erosion vulnerability along a 90-km sector, which included both erosional and accretionary beaches,
and different levels of human occupation. Two aerial photogrammetric flights were used to reconstruct coastal evolution between
1977 and 1999. During this period, extensive accretion was recorded updrift of human structures at harbors and ports, e.g.,
Scoglitti (105.6 m), Donnalucata (52.8 m), and Pozzallo (94.6 m). Conversely, erosion was recorded in downdrift areas, with
maximum values at Modica Stream mouth (63.8 m) and Point Castellazzo (35.2 m). Assessments were subsequently divided into
four categories ranging from “high erosion” to “accretion.” Several sources were examined to assess human activities and land
use. The latter was mapped and divided into four categories, ranging from “very high” to “no capital” land use. Subsequently,
coastal erosion vulnerability was assessed by combining land use categories with recorded coastline behavior. Results showed
“very high” to “high” vulnerability along 5.8% and 16.6%, respectively, of the littoral, while 20.9% and 56.7%, respectively,
was found to exhibit “medium” and “low/very low” vulnerability. A very good agreement between predicted coastal vulnerability
and coastal trend had been observed over recent years. Furthermore, several human structures and activities are located within
the “imminent collapse zone (ICZ)” which reached maximum values of 17.5 m at Modica Stream and 13.5 m at Point Braccetto. 相似文献
974.
Vink JP 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(2):519-527
The speciation of heavy metals was measured over a variety of natural and undisturbed water/sediment interfaces. Simultaneously, two benthic species (oligochaete Limnodrilus spp. and the midge Chironomus riparius) were exposed to these sediments. Under occurring redox conditions, free ion activities of trace metals Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were measured with a chelating exchange technique, while geochemical conditions (i.e., redox) remained in tact. Free ion activities were compared with total dissolved concentrations in pore waters and surface waters in order to relate speciation to bioaccumulation. Limnodrilus spp. and C. riparius have accumulation patterns that could be linked to time-dependent exposure concentrations, expressed as chemical speciation, in the surface water and the sediment's pore water. Concentrations of free metal ions in the overlying surface water, rather than in sediment pore water, proved to be the best predictor for uptake. For the first time, measurements are obtained from sediments without disturbing physical-chemical conditions and thus bioavailability, a major restriction of other studies so far. 相似文献
975.
Martí Nadal Marta Schuhmacher José L. Domingo 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(3):322-328
Background, aim, and scope To enforce the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol targets, a number of governmental/international institutions have launched
emission trade schemes as an approach to specify CO2 caps and to regulate the emission trade in recent years. These schemes have been basically applied for large industrial sectors,
including energy producers and energy-intensive users. Among them, cement plants are included among the big greenhouse gas
(GHG) emitters. The use of waste as secondary fuel in clinker kilns is currently an intensive practice worldwide. However,
people living in the vicinity of cement plants, where alternative fuels are being used, are frequently concerned about the
potential increase in health risks. In the present study, a cost–benefit analysis was applied after substituting classical
fuel for sewage sludge as an alternative fuel in a clinker kiln in Catalonia, Spain.
Materials and methods The economical benefits resulting in the reduction of CO2 emissions were compared with the changes in human health risks due to exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and carcinogenic metals (As, Cd, Co, and Cr) before and after using sewage sludge to
generate 20% of the thermal energy needed for pyro-processing. The exposure to PCDD/Fs and metals through air inhalation,
soil ingestion and dermal absorption was calculated according to the environmental levels in soil. The carcinogenic risks
were assessed, and the associated cost for the population was estimated by considering the DG Environment’s recommended value
for preventing a statistical fatality (VPF). In turn, the amount of CO2 emitted was calculated, and the economical saving, according to the market prices, was evaluated.
Results The use of sewage sludge as a substitute of conventional energy meant a probability cancer decrease of 4.60 for metals and
a cancer risk increase of 0.04 for PCDD/Fs. Overall, a net reduction of 4.56 cancers for one million people can be estimated.
The associated economical evaluation due to the decreasing cancer for 60,000 people, the current population living near the
cement plant, would be of 0.56 million euros (US$ 0.83 million). In turn, a reduction of 144,000 tons of CO2 emitted between 2003 and 2006 was estimated. Considering a cost of 20 euros per ton of CO2, the global saving would be 2.88 million euros (US$ 4.26 million).
Discussion After the partial substitution of the fuel, the current environmental exposure to metals and PCDD/Fs would even mean a potential
decrease of health risks for the individuals living in the vicinity of the cement plant. The total benefit of using sewage
sludge as an alternative fuel was calculated in 3.44 million euros (US$ 5.09 million). Environmental economics is becoming
an interesting research field to convert environmental benefits (i.e., reduction of health risks, emission of pollutants,
etc.) into economical value.
Conclusions The results show, that while the use of sewage sludge as secondary fuel is beneficial for the reduction in GHG emissions,
no additional health risks for the population derived from PCDD/F and metal emissions are estimated.
Recommendations and perspectives Cost–benefit analysis seems to be a suitable tool to estimate the environmental damage and benefit associated to industrial
processes. Therefore, this should become a generalized practice, mainly for those more impacting sectors such as power industries.
On the other hand, the extension of the study could vastly be enlarged by taking into account other potentially emitted GHGs,
such as CH4 and N2O, as well as other carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic micropollutants. 相似文献
976.
Lluís Cirera Miguel Rodríguez Joaquín Giménez Enrique Jiménez Marc Saez José-Jesús Guillén José Medrano María-Aurelia Martínez-Victoria Ferran Ballester Stella Moreno-Grau Carmen Navarro 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(2):152-161
Background, aim, and scope
Ten years of public health interventions on industrial emissions to clean air were monitored for the Mediterranean city of Cartagena. During the 1960s, a number of large chemical and non-ferrous metallurgical factories were established that significantly deteriorated the city’s air quality. By the 1970s, the average annual air concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO2) ranged from 200 to 300 µg/m3 (standard conditions units). In 1979, the Spanish government implemented an industrial intervention plan to improve the performance of factories and industrial air pollution surveillance. Unplanned urban development led to residential housing being located adjacent to three major factories. Factory A produced lead, factory B processed zinc from ore concentrates, and factory C produced sulfuric acid and phosphates. This, in combination with the particular abrupt topography and frequent atmospheric thermal inversions, resulted in the worsening of air quality and heightening concern for public health. In 1990, the City Council authorized the immediate intervention at these factories to reduce or shut down production if ambient levels of SO2 or total suspended particles (TSP) exceeded a time-emission threshold in pre-established meteorological contexts. The aim of this research was to assess the appropriateness and effectiveness of the intervention plan implemented from 1992 to 2001 to abate industrial air pollution.Materials and methods
The maximum daily 1-h ambient air level of SO2, NO2, and TSP pollutants was selected from one of the three urban automatic stations, designed to monitor ambient air quality around industrial emissions sources. The day on which an intervention took place to reduce and/or interrupt industrial production by factory and pollutant was defined as a control day, and the day after an intervention as a post-control day. To assess the short-term intervention effect on air quality, an ecological time series design was applied, using regression analysis in generalized additive models, focusing on day-to-day variations of ambient air pollutants levels. Two indicators were estimated: (a) appropriateness, the ratio between mean levels of the pollutant for control days versus the other days, and (b) effectiveness, the ratio between mean levels of the pollutant for post-control days versus the other days. Ratios in regression analyses were adjusted for trend, seasonality, temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure, calendar day, and special events as well as the other pollutants.Results
A total of 702 control days were made on the factories’ industrial production during the 10-year period. Fifteen reductions and five shutdown control days took place at factory A for ambient air SO2. At factory B, more controls were carried out for the SO2 pollutant in the years 1992–1993 and 1997. At factory C, the control days for SO2 decreased from 59 reductions and 14 shutdowns to a minimum from 1995 onwards, whereas the controls on TSP were more frequent, reaching a maximum of 99 reductions and 47 shutdowns in the last year. SO2 ambient air mean levels ranged from 456 to 699 µg/m3 among factories on reduction control days and between 624 and 1,010 µg/m3 on shutdown days. The TSP ambient air mean levels were 428 and 506 µg/m3 on reduction and shutdown days, respectively. For all types of control days and factories, a mean ratio of 104% (95% confidence interval [CI] 88 to 121) in SO2 levels was obtained and a mean ratio of 67% (95% CI 59 to 75) in TSP levels. Post-control days at all factories showed a mean ratio of ?16% (95% CI ?7 to ?24) in SO2 levels and a mean ratio of ?13% (95% CI ?7 to ?19) in TSP levels.Discussion
Interventions on industrial production based on the urban SO2 and TSP ambient air levels were justified by the high concentrations detected. The best assessment of the interventions’ effectiveness would have been to utilize the ambient air pollutant concentration readings from the entire time of the production shutdowns or reductions; however, the daily hourly maximum turned out to be a useful indicator because of meteorological factors influencing the diurnal concentration profile. A substantial number of interventions were carried out from 1 to 3 am, when vehicular traffic was minimum. On the other hand, atmospheric stability undergoes diurnal cycling in the autumn–winter period due to thermal inversion, which reaches maximum levels around daybreak. Therefore, this increases the ambient air levels and justified the interventions carried out at daybreak in spite of the traffic influence.Conclusions
All the interventions for SO2 and TSP were carried out when the measured ambient air levels of pollutants were exceeded, which shows the appropriateness of the intervention program. This excess was greater when intervening on SO2 than on the TSP levels. For both ambient air levels of SO2 and TSP, significant drops in air pollution were achieved from all three factories following activity reductions. The production shutdown controls were very effective, because they returned excess levels, higher than in the reduction controls, to everyday mean values.Recommendations and perspectives
The Cartagena City observational system of intermittent control has proven to effectively reduce industrial emissions’ impact on ambient air quality. This experienced model approach could serve well in highly polluted industrial settings. From a public health perspective, studies are needed to assess that the industrial interventions to control air pollution were related to healthier human populations. Legislation was needed to allow the public administration to take direct actions upon the polluting industries. 相似文献977.
Elena Jiménez Beatriz Lanza María Antiñolo José Albaladejo 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(26):4043-4049
Absolute rate coefficients for the gas-phase reactions of OH radical with 3-methylbutanal (k1), trans-2-methyl-2-butenal (k2), and 3-methyl-2-butenal (k3) have been obtained with the pulsed laser photolysis/laser-induced fluorescence technique. Gas-phase concentration of aldehydes was measured by UV absorption spectroscopy at 185 nm. Experiments were performed over the temperature range of 263–353 K at total pressures of helium between 46.2 and 100 Torr. No pressure dependence of all ki (i = 1–3) was observed at all temperatures. In contrast, a negative temperature dependence of ki (i.e., ki increases when temperature decreases) was observed in that T range. The resulting Arrhenius expressions (±2σ) are: k1(T) = (5.8 ± 1.7)×10?12 exp{(499 ± 94)/T} cm3 molecule?1 s?1, k2(T)=(6.9 ± 0.9)×10?12 exp{(526 ± 42)/T} cm3 molecule?1 s?1, k3(T)=(5.6 ± 1.2)×10?12 exp{(666 ± 54)/T} cm3 molecule?1 s?1.The tropospheric lifetimes derived from the above OH-reactivity trend are estimated to be higher for 3-methylbutanal than those for the unsaturated aldehydes. A comparison of the tropospheric removal of these aldehydes by OH radicals with other homogeneous degradation routes leads to the conclusion that this reaction can be the main homogeneous removal pathway. However, photolysis of these aldehydes in the actinic region (λ > 290 nm) could play an important role along the troposphere, particularly for 3-methyl-2-butenal. This process could compete with the OH reaction for 3-methylbutanal or be negligible for trans-2-methyl-2-butenal in the troposphere. 相似文献
978.
Defining Chlorophyll-a Reference Conditions in European Lakes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Sandra Poikāne Maria Helena Alves Christine Argillier Marcel van den Berg Fabio Buzzi Eberhard Hoehn Caridad de Hoyos Ivan Karottki Christophe Laplace-Treyture Anne Lyche Solheim José Ortiz-Casas Ingmar Ott Geoff Phillips Ansa Pilke João Pádua Spela Remec-Rekar Ursula Riedmüller Jochen Schaumburg Maria Luisa Serrano Hanna Soszka Deirdre Tierney Gorazd Urbanič Georg Wolfram 《Environmental management》2010,45(6):1286-1298
The concept of “reference conditions” describes the benchmark against which current conditions are compared when assessing the status of water bodies. In this paper we focus on the establishment of reference conditions for European lakes according to a phytoplankton biomass indicator—the concentration of chlorophyll-a. A mostly spatial approach (selection of existing lakes with no or minor human impact) was used to set the reference conditions for chlorophyll-a values, supplemented by historical data, paleolimnological investigations and modelling. The work resulted in definition of reference conditions and the boundary between “high” and “good” status for 15 main lake types and five ecoregions of Europe: Alpine, Atlantic, Central/Baltic, Mediterranean, and Northern. Additionally, empirical models were developed for estimating site-specific reference chlorophyll-a concentrations from a set of potential predictor variables. The results were recently formulated into the EU legislation, marking the first attempt in international water policy to move from chemical quality standards to ecological quality targets. 相似文献
979.
Llorente-Mirandes T Ruiz-Chancho MJ Barbero M Rubio R López-Sánchez JF 《Chemosphere》2010,81(7):867-875
The determination of arsenic compounds in algae collected on the Catalan coast (Western Mediterranean) is reported. Ten algae species and the seagrass Posidonia oceanica were analyzed. Total arsenic in the samples was determined by microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Arsenic speciation in water extracts of samples was analyzed by liquid chromatography with both anionic and cationic exchange with ICPMS detection (LC-ICPMS). The total arsenic content of the algae samples ranged from 2.96 to 39.0mg As kg(-1). The following compounds were detected: arsenite (As(III)), arsenate (As(V)), methylarsonate (MA), dimethylarsinate (DMA), sulfonate sugar (SO3-sug), sulfate sugar (SO4-sug), phosphate sugar (PO4-sug), arsenobetaine (AB), arsenocholine (AC), trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO) and glycerol sugar (Gly-sug). The main arsenic species found were arsenosugars. Significant percentages of arsenobetaine (0.54 mg As kg(-1), 28% of the extractable arsenic and 0.39 mg As kg(-1), 18% of the extractable arsenic) were found in Ulva rigida and Enteromorpha compressa. These results are discussed in relation to the presence of epiphytes. 相似文献
980.
Drouin P Sellami M Prévost D Fortin J Antoun H 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2010,45(8):757-765
In order to determine their tolerance to pesticides, 122 strains of rhizobia isolated from different geographical regions, and belonging to the genera Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Sinorhizobium and Bradyrhizobium were tested against eight herbicides, four fungicides and five insecticides. Sensitivity to the pesticides was measured by using the filter paper disk method at four concentrations, 0.45, 4.5, 45 and 450 μg per disk. When the pesticides were used at 0.45 μg per disk, a concentration similar to that found when pesticides are applied under field conditions, no inhibition was observed. Strains growth was affected at concentrations of 45 and 450 μg pesticide per disk. These higher concentrations can be encountered when seeds are treated with pesticides. Pesticides tolerance level was correlated to pesticide function, i.e rhizobial strains were more tolerant to insecticides, followed by herbicides and then fungicides. Two fungicides, captan and mancozeb, inhibited the highest number of strains. Only one insecticide, carbaryl, affected the growth of some rhizobial strains. Strains isolated from the arctic (Mesorhizobium spp. and R. leguminosarum bv. viciae), a putative pesticides-free environment, were either less or equally affected by pesticides compared to strains isolated from agricultural regions. 相似文献