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81.
Poorva Joshi Neelesh Dahanukar Shankar Bharade Vijay Dethe Smita Dethe Neha Bhandare Milind Watve 《Conservation biology》2021,35(6):1923-1931
Conflict caused by wild herbivores damaging crops is an almost universal problem in conservation. We designed and implemented a game-theory-based system for supporting farmers whose crops were being heavily damaged by wild herbivores. In this community-operated system, farmers self-report their production, which is endorsed by neighboring farmers. The average deficit in production is compensated for by a payment that is directly proportional to the average deficit in production of the group and to the individual farmer's productivity. As a result, farmers are compensated for the average damage (support) and rewarded for individual productivity (reward) (i.e., support cum reward [SuR]). The design of the game is such that only honest reporting gives maximum returns. Farmers who underreport receive less payment because the SuR amount is proportionate to their self-reported productivity. The endorsing farmers, in their own self-interest, prevent overreporting. The system involves multiple game situations, the combined result of which is a stable strategy based on honesty and hard work. In 2 villages along the western boundary of Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve in central India, we tested the system with 75 farmers over 6 crop seasons. After a few initial attempts to cheat, honesty prevailed throughout the group. Average crop productivity increased 2.5-fold, in spite of damage, owing to increased effort by farmers. Apart from wildlife conflict resolution, the model offers a promising alternative to crop insurance and a potential behavioral green revolution in agriculture. 相似文献
82.
83.
The present study was designed to evaluate the possible adverse effects of acephate, an organophosphate insecticide, on hematological parameters in male albino rats. Acephate was administered orally to rats at either 25, 50, or 75 mg/kg bwt/day for 30 days. Data showed a significant decrease in total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit value; however, an increase in total leukocyte count was noted. The levels of blood sugar and blood urea were significantly elevated when administered by acephate. There were no significant changes in mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration for all doses. Thus, obtained results collectively revealed that acephate administration produced significant alterations in hematological parameters in dose-dependent manner. 相似文献
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85.
The purpose of this study was to study the spatial patterns of ambient air quality in Delhi in the absence of extensive datasets needed for space-time modeling. A spatial classification was attempted on the basis of ambient air quality data of nine years (1998 is latest year for which published data were available) for three criteria pollutants--nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and suspended particulate matter. Monitoring stations take 24-hour samples twice a week. Published monthly average concentration data were used in this study. A hierarchical agglomerative algorithm using the average linkage between groups method and the Euclidean distance metric was used. Cluster analysis indicated that till 1998, by and large, two distinct classes existed. The results of cluster analysis prompted an investigation of systematic biases in the monitored data. No statistically significant differences in the mean concentration of all pollutants were observed between stations belonging to different land-use types (residential and industrial). This fact would be useful, if and when the authorities consider modifying the network or expanding it in Delhi. The results also support the recommendation that Delhi have a uniform standard across all areas. This study has provided a methodology for Indian researchers and practitioners to do an exploratory study of spatial patterns of air pollution and data quality issues in Indian cities using the National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring System data. 相似文献
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87.
Pentachlorophenol (PCP), a fungicide and insecticide, leaves behind considerable residue in the environment in the form of unreacted molecule, metabolites and photoreduction products. Most of the previously reported photoproducts have resulted from dechlorination of the parent molecule. We have shown that photoreduction of PCP also proceeds by photoreduction of the parent molecule at carbons 2 and 4. These products were identified and characterized as 2-dehydro-2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorocyclohexanone (II) and 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorocyclohexanone (IV). Both of them display keto-enol tautomerism. Identification and characterization of new photoproducts of PCP is significant for determining its overall environmental impact in the ecosystem. 相似文献
88.
89.
Public Perception as a Barrier to Introducing Wood in Rivers for Restoration Purposes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Piégay H Gregory KJ Bondarev V Chin A Dahlstrom N Elosegi A Gregory SV Joshi V Mutz M Rinaldi M Wyzga B Zawiejska J 《Environmental management》2005,36(5):665-674
Reintroduction of wood in rivers for restoration purposes is now recognized in a positive way by scientists. Nevertheless,
the perception of wood in riverscapes is strongly affected by the socio-cultural environment. This cultural influence might
explain why wood reintroduction is accepted and promoted in some regions of the world but not in others, despite the demonstrated
ecological benefits. From an extensive student perception survey, we show that most of the groups from nine countries in the
world considered riverscapes with wood to be less aesthetic, more dangerous, and needing more improvement than riverscapes
without wood. By contrast, this way of thinking was not observed in Germany, Sweden, and Oregon (USA), where the first instances
of wood reintroduction occurred. 相似文献
90.
The locomotor activity rhythm of flies from four populations of Drosophila melanogaster, maintained under constant light for more than 600 generations, was recorded in continuous light (LL) and continuous darkness (DD) using four different protocols. The main objective behind these experiments was to estimate the proportion of flies exhibiting circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in LL, and to investigate whether this could be increased by subjecting the flies to various light regimes. About 26% of the flies exhibited a circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in LL, and the proportion increased to about 48% after an exposure to 12 h of darkness. About 77% of the flies exhibited a circadian locomotor activity rhythm in DD. Persistence of circadian locomotor activity rhythm in a considerable proportion of these flies suggests an intrinsic adaptive value to possessing circadian rhythmicity, derived, perhaps, from the need to synchronise various processes within the organism. 相似文献